NOₓ emissions from passenger cars under real driving conditions

Abstract

̶ iv ̶ metrics, such as R 2 and RMSE. The use of vehicle activity parameters becomes useful inputs to model physics-based, and machine learning models. A hybrid approach that combines the physics-based model with a machine learning model for the aftertreatment system is a good alternative as enables the use of the advantages of the physics and datadriven models for reducing the amount of dimensioning and characterisation of the aftertreatment layout.