NTH201, a Novel Class II KNOTTED1-Like Protein, Facilitates the Cell-to-Cell Movement of <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> in Tobacco

Yoshii, Atsushi; Shimizu, Takumi; Yoshida, Akira; Hamada, Koji; Sakurai, Kazutoshi; Yamaji, Yutaka; Suzuki, Masashi; Namba, Susumu; Hibi, Tadaaki

doi:10.1094/mpmi-21-5-0586

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Tobacco protoplasts were prepared from BY-2 suspension cell cultures and inoculated with 10 g of each PVX recombinant cDNA by electroporation, as described previously (54). Electroporated protoplasts were incubated in the dark from 0 to 96 h at 28°C, after which they were harvested by low-speed centrifugation (1,000 ϫ g for 5 min) for RNA extraction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual Strategy for the Suppression of Host Antiviral Silencing: Two Distinct Suppressors for Viral Replication and Viral Movement Encoded by Potato Virus M

Senshu

Yamaji

Minato

et al. 2011

J Virol

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Viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors to counteract host antiviral silencing. In this study, we analyzed the suppressors encoded by potato virus M (PVM), a member of the genus Carlavirus. In the conventional green fluorescent protein transient coexpression assay, the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) of PVM inhibited both local and systemic silencing, whereas the triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) showed suppressor activity only on systemic silencing. Furthermore, to elucidate the roles of these two suppressors during an active viral infection, we performed PVX vector-based assays and viral movement complementation assays. CRP increased the accumulation of viral RNA at the single-cell level and also enhanced viral cell-to-cell movement by inhibiting RNA silencing. However, TGBp1 facilitated viral movement but did not affect viral accumulation in protoplasts. These data suggest that CRP inhibits RNA silencing primarily at the viral replication step, whereas TGBp1 is a suppressor that acts at the viral movement step. Thus, our findings demonstrate a sophisticated viral infection strategy that suppresses host antiviral silencing at two different steps via two mechanistically distinct suppressors. This study is also the first report of the RNA silencing suppressor in the genus Carlavirus.Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that manipulate and exploit the molecular mechanism of the host to survive in a hostile cellular environment. The presence of viruses and their propagation induces diverse mechanisms in the host for combating viral infection at both the single-cell and the wholeorganism levels. In plants, one of the most important defense mechanisms against viruses is RNA silencing, which is a sequence-specific RNA degradation process regulated by small RNA molecules (11,12). Since RNA viruses go through singlestranded RNA or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stages at a given point in their replication, they are both active initiators and targets of host RNA silencing. When plant RNA viruses invade host cells, dsRNAs derived from their replication intermediates or highly structured genomic RNAs are recognized by plant dicer-like nucleases and processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. The siRNAs are then recruited to a multiprotein effector complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which includes the slicer endonuclease Argonaute and subsequently mediates the cleavage of cognate viral RNAs. RNA silencing is a non-cell-autonomous event in higher plants and, once RNA silencing is induced in the initial cell, it spreads over the whole organism through the vasculature and from cell to cell presumably via plasmodesmata, mediated by mobile small RNA signals (3,14,22,36,48,51). The cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of virus-derived small RNA signals likely serves to immunize surrounding naive cells ahead of the infection front.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual Strategy for the Suppression of Host Antiviral Silencing: Two Distinct Suppressors for Viral Replication and Viral Movement Encoded by Potato Virus M

Senshu

Yamaji

Minato

et al. 2011

J Virol

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“…T1 plants transformed with pJAX1-JAX1, pJAX1-GUS, and pCAMBIA1301 were isolated by kanamycin selection. Transformation of N. benthamiana to generate the transformant P35S-JAX1 was performed using the leaf disk method, as described previously with Agrobacterium carrying pEarley-JAX1 (Yoshii et al, 2008). T1 plants transformed with pEarley-JAX1 were selected by applying BASTA (Earley et al, 2006) and PCR using primers JAX1-F and JAX1-R from the total DNA extracted.…”

Section: Plant Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lectin-Mediated Resistance Impairs Plant Virus Infection at the Cellular Level

et al. 2012

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Plants possess a multilayered defense response, known as plant innate immunity, to infection by a wide variety of pathogens. Lectins, sugar binding proteins, play essential roles in the innate immunity of animal cells, but the role of lectins in plant defense is not clear. This study analyzed the resistance of certain Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes to a potexvirus, plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV). Map-based positional cloning revealed that the lectin gene JACALIN-TYPE LECTIN REQUIRED FOR POTEXVIRUS RESISTANCE1 (JAX1) is responsible for the resistance. JAX1-mediated resistance did not show the properties of conventional resistance (R) protein-mediated resistance and was independent of plant defense hormone signaling. Heterologous expression of JAX1 in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that JAX1 interferes with infection by other tested potexviruses but not with plant viruses from different genera, indicating the broad but specific resistance to potexviruses conferred by JAX1. In contrast with the lectin gene RESTRICTED TEV MOVEMENT1, which inhibits the systemic movement of potyviruses, which are distantly related to potexviruses, JAX1 impairs the accumulation of PlAMV RNA at the cellular level. The existence of lectin genes that show a variety of levels of virus resistance, their targets, and their properties, which are distinct from those of known R genes, suggests the generality of lectin-mediated resistance in plant innate immunity.

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“…The interaction of Rx and RanGAP2 in N. benthamiana or potato is required for extreme resistance to PVX, where RanGAP2 is part of the Rx signaling complex [87]. In addition, a number of host genes involved in virus replication and movement in plants have been identified by VIGS [17, [88][89][90][91][92][93].…”

Section: Genes Involved In the Defense Response To Pathogens Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-induced gene silencing and its application in plant functional genomics

Huang¹,

Qian²,

Li³

et al. 2012

Sci. China Life Sci.

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NTH201, a Novel Class II KNOTTED1-Like Protein, Facilitates the Cell-to-Cell Movement of Tobacco mosaic virus in Tobacco

Cited by 22 publications

References 58 publications

A Dual Strategy for the Suppression of Host Antiviral Silencing: Two Distinct Suppressors for Viral Replication and Viral Movement Encoded by Potato Virus M

A Dual Strategy for the Suppression of Host Antiviral Silencing: Two Distinct Suppressors for Viral Replication and Viral Movement Encoded by Potato Virus M

Lectin-Mediated Resistance Impairs Plant Virus Infection at the Cellular Level

Virus-induced gene silencing and its application in plant functional genomics

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