“…IPV is a highly prevalent social stressor in this population, as the estimated prevalence is 44% for the Central Visayas region where Cebu is located, compared to a recent global estimate of 27% (National Statistics Office & ICF Macro, 2009; Sardinha et al, 2022). As a result, it has been the focus of several studies, including risk factors for exposure (Ansara & Hindin, 2009; Hindin & Adair, 2002; Tsai, 2017) and child consequences, including cognitive development, intergenerational transmission of IPV, and depressive symptoms (Hindin & Gultiano, 2006; Julio et al, 2023; Kim et al, 2020; Mandal & Hindin, 2015). However, prior studies have shown chronic low‐grade inflammation in this population is lower compared with US data, due to lower adiposity and greater infectious exposures in early life, suggesting it might not be associated with social stressors like IPV (Chiang et al, 2022; McDade et al, 2008; McDade et al, 2009; McDade et al, 2010; McDade, Hoke, et al, 2013).…”