Nuclear DNA Amounts of Mulberries (<i>Morus </i>spp.) and Related Species

Abstract

higher plants (Otto 2007, Wood et al. 2009). Diploid Morus species, such as M. acidosa, M. alba, M. atropurpurea, M. bombycis, M. indica, M. kagayamae, M. latifolia and M. rotundiloba, have 2n = 2x = 28 (Datta 1954, Osawa 1920, Tahara 1909. Although fertile diploid individuals form the large majority in these species, some infertile or poorly fertile triploids occur in their populations (Machii et al. 2001, Osawa 1920. Triploid (2n = 3x = 42) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 56) forms have also been identified in M. laevigata (Das 1961, Datta 1954. M. boninensis is tetraploid (Koyama et al. 1998). Hexaploid species (2n = 6x = 84), such as M. serrata (Basavaiah et al. 1989) and M. tiliaefolia (Seki 1952) are known, and polyploidy can extend to docosaploidy (2n = 22x = 308) as in M. nigra (Basavaiah et al. 1990, Darlington & La Cour 1947, Seki JARQ 51 (4), 299-307 (2017 AbstractMulberries (Morus spp.) include species that are generally diploid but may also occasionally exist in the triploid state ("diploid" species), and others that naturally have different levels of ploidy ("polyploid" species). In the present study, we measured the nuclear DNA amounts in 271 cultivars or strains of 15 mulberry species (nine diploid and six polyploid species) using flow cytometry. A wide range of interspecific 2C DNA values was observed, with the largest being 10.8 times higher than the smallest. Intraspecific differences in 1Cx values, a measure of the monoploid genome size, were within 11% for all species examined. Interspecific variation in 1Cx values was within 28% for all mulberry species in this study. The variation of 1Cx values in polyploid species was larger than that in diploid species. Among the diploid species, the 1Cx values of species native to the Japanese islands were higher than those that originated from East Asia on the Asian continent. The 2C values of other species of Moraceae and Cannabaceae were also estimated, and a wide variation was found.

Human mediated translocation of Pacific paper mulberry [Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae)]: Genetic evidence of dispersal routes in Remote Oceania

“…The closest genome published is from Morus notabilis (2n = 14) [50], a Moraceae species with a relatively small genome (320 Mb) compared to B . papyrifera (2n = 26, 503 Mb) [51] or a 2C value of 702 pg compared to 1022 pg, respectively [52]. The use of microsatellites is appropriate and has advantages for our study because of the higher mutation rate of microsatellite motives compared to the mutation rate of single nucleotide polymorphisms [53] that are evaluated in high throughput techniques.…”

Genome size, genetic diversity, and phenotypic variability imply the effect of genetic variation instead of ploidy on trait plasticity in the cross-pollinated tree species of mulberry

“…Previous genome content studies revealed the 2C value of mulberry species ranged between 0.70 to 0.73 pg for diploid, 1.04 to 1.17 pg for triploid, 1.42 to 1.63 pg for tetraploid, and 2.02 to 2.48 for hexaploid, and 7.26 pg for docosaploid (Yamanouchi et al, 2017). Thus, the present results corroborate with a previous study that a higher level of variation is present both at the species level as well as within the accessions of the same genus.…”

“…Majority of triploids (2n = 3x= 42) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 56) have been identified in M. laevigata (Das, 1961). Hexaploid species (2n =6x = 84), such as M. serrata (Basavaiah et al, 1989) and M. tiliaefolia (Seki, 1952) are also recognized, and earlier reports also suggest that polyploidy can extend up to docosaploidy (2n = 22x= 308) as in M. nigra Yamanouchi et al, 2017). The economically important species of mulberry available in India are M. alba, M. indica, M. atropurpurea, M. nigra, M. serrata, M. latifolia, and M. laevigata (Dandin et al, 1987;Basavaiah et al, 1989).…”

“…Mulberry has a wide range of ploidy ranging from haploid (2n=2x=14) to docosaploidy (2n=22x=308) (Yamanouchi et al, 2017), for example, M. notabilis was reported as "haploid" in nature (2n= 2x= 14, He et al, 2013), and diploid (2n = 2x = 28) Moruss pp. such as M. alba, M. atropurpurea, M. bombycis, M. indica, M. latifolia and M. rotundiloba (Datta, 1954).…”

Comparative transcriptomics of leaves of five mulberry accessions and cataloguing structural and expression variants for future prospects

“…Leaves of ML are mostly unlobed, rough and thick. Further, they are pale green in color and slightly coarse in texture [14]. These properties render these wild species seldom usable for rearing silk worms.…”