Nuclear Fusion: Holy Grail of Energy

Haider, Q.

doi:10.5772/intechopen.82335

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…And escalating global warming can only exacerbate the waste heat problem [35,36] . Fusion, produces temperatures of about 100 million degrees Kelvin, and is considered energy's holy grail [37] . Its efficiency in energy storage and auxiliary heater modes is between 85.07% and 89.1% respectively [38] .…”

Section: Waste Heatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global warming, a global energy resource

Baird

2024

Therm. Sci. Eng.

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Global warming is a thermodynamics problem. When excess heat is added to the climate system, the land warms more quickly than the oceans due to the land’s reduced heat capacity. The oceans have a greater heat capacity because of its higher specific heat and the heat mixing in the upper layer of the ocean. Thermodynamic Geoengineering (TG) is a global cooling method which deployed at scale would generate 1.6 times the world’s current supply of primary energy and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The cooling would mirror the ostensible 2008–2013 global warming hiatus. At scale 31,000 1-gigawatt (GW) ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants are estimated to be able to: a) displace about 0.8 watts per square meter (W/m2) of average global surface heat from the surface of the ocean to deep water that could be recycled in 226-year cycles, b) produce 31 terawatts (TW) (relative to 2019 global use of 19.2 TW and c) absorb about 4.3 Gt CO2 per year from the atmosphere by cooling the surface. The estimated cost of these plants is $2.1 trillion per year or 30 years to ramp up to 31,000 plants which are replaced as needed thereafter. Compared for example to the cost of world oil consumption that in 2019 was $2.3 trillion for 11.6 TW. The cost of the energy generated is estimated at $0.008/KWh.

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Section: Waste Heatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global warming, a global energy resource

Baird

2024

Therm. Sci. Eng.

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“…water) for producing steam to make the turbine work. However, a helium nucleus (He) with energy of 3.5 Me V is also produced [7,14,17,20,31]. Because the helium nuclei have charge, they will stay inside the reactor and give their energy to the plasma, to preserve its heat [8,9,11,23,28,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Calculation of Material Reliability Using Surface Roughness Feature Based on Plasma Material Interaction Experiment Results

Pahsa¹,

Aydoğdu²,

Göktaş³

2023

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność – Maintenance and Reliability

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The choice of reactor structural material design must take into account the TOKAMAK fusion reactors' structural reliability. Due to their high levels of heat and energy, fusion reactions have significant deformation effects, which reduce the efficiency of energy production in reactors. Material selection, erosion and damage, heat and stress management, reliability analysis, maintenance, and inspection are crucial elements in determining how reliable fusion reactors are. The focus of this work is on material selection and reliability analysis based on these parameters. The most common wall materials used in fusion reactors are tungsten, beryllium, steel, or graphite. It is advised to utilize aluminum because harmful Beryllium dust limits the study of this element. For this purpose, a target of aluminum samples is established with a plasma of He ions created by glow discharge. The dependability of the samples is determined by calculating the Weibull Distribution and measuring the roughness of the sample surfaces following exposure.

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Renewable Energy Sources: Traditional and Modern Age Technologies

Hafezi

Alipour

2020

Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

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Renewable energy (RE) resources are those energy types that are replaced by natural processes over time. However, the noted definition is not complete. After the Industrial Revolution, the rate of energy resources utilization jumped, and as an example annual per capita energy consumption increased by about 170% during 1750's to 1850's in England (Wrigley 2010). As a result, the definition of a RE resource has evolved to incorporate the replacing period, such that the consumption rate of a RE should be slower than the rate of which nature can replace them, unless the gap can be filled by human activities. Introduction:The primary RE resource embedded non-RE sources, such as oil and minerals, which take millions of years to reform in the earth. Then earth can replace non-RE resources but at a meager pace.The above discussion denotes that even RE sources must be conserved to balance the speed with which humans deplete and nature replaces the lost energy (the process of recharging). The modern world is facing critical challenges to maintain the consumption pace and the recharging process balanced, since: 1-Development, especially from the economic perspective, is closely tied to energy use (Toman and Jemelkova 2003, Carley, Lawrence et al. 2011. Although developed regions have adjusted their dependency on energy use over the past years, the outlook still suggests a net increase in total energy demand for the upcoming decades (IEA 2019, BP 2020, EIA 2020). 2-Population growth leaves the replenishment of RE sources with an increasingly difficult task. This factor is evident in human's increasing footprint, which triggers the next challenge. 3-Environmental concerns and climate change. Climate change is a natural behavior of the earth, but human manipulations stimulate changes at a sweeping pace which endanger different biological species, including humans.Studies and statistics highlight that, during the period since 2010, we have been depleting natural resources about 20% faster than nature can recharge them (Maczulak 2009). That means humans need more than the size of 1.2 earths to support resource consumption at the current pace (Hibbitt 2004). This chapter reviews known RE resources to delineate a comprehensive mind map about RE resources and their variations. The very first RE type: the sun The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development GoalsThe sun is the mother of industrial era where energy resources, as the energy stored in fossil fuels, originally came from the sun.The use of solar as an emerging energy source began in the industrial era due to the fact fossil fuels originate from the sun. Although humans cannot reproduce the crude oil forming process in an economic manner, they put forward other ways to benefit from the ultimate source of energy, the sun. Nuclear fusion reactions produce electromagnetic radiation wherein hydrogen nuclei bind to form helium, thus, releasing energy. It is informative to know that only one part of 100 total parts forms energy whereas others form the helium. This small share...

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Nuclear Fusion: Holy Grail of Energy

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Global warming, a global energy resource

Global warming, a global energy resource

Mathematical Calculation of Material Reliability Using Surface Roughness Feature Based on Plasma Material Interaction Experiment Results

Renewable Energy Sources: Traditional and Modern Age Technologies

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