Nuclear morphometric and morphological analysis of exfoliated buccal and tongue dorsum cells in type-1 diabetic patients

Abstract

Background:Diabetes mellitus type 1 that results from immunologically mediated damage to the β-cells in the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia can be associated with salivary gland dysfunction and alterations in the oral epithelial cells.Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative changes in buccal and tongue dorsum epithelial cells using an exfoliative cytology method in type 1 diabetic patients.Materials and Methods:We performed light microscopic analysis of the buccal and tongue dorsum smears in thirty type 1 diabetic patients and thirty healthy individuals. The oral smears were stained using Papanicolaou method for cytological examination and nuclear morphometric analysis. In each case, the mean nuclear area, perimeter, length, breadth, and roundness factor were evaluated in each smear using the image analysis software (Q Win, Leica™).Results:The nuclear area, length, breadth, and perimeters were significantly higher in the diabetic group from tongue dorsum smear than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In the cytological examination, karyorrhexis-karyolysis-karyopyknosis, binucleation, nuclear membrane irregularity, cytoplasmic polymorphism, perinuclear halo were observed in oral smears with type 1 diabetic patients. Binucleation (P = 0.002) and nuclear membrane irregularity (P = 0.024) were significantly more common in buccal smears of diabetic group. Furthermore, the sensitivity of buccal mucosa was significantly higher in the diabetic group (P = 0.006).Conclusion:The light microscopic and nuclear morphometric study indicates that type 1 diabetes can produce morphological and nuclear morphometric changes in the oral mucosa that are noticeable with exfoliative cytology.

Immunohistochemical and karyometric similarities and differences of salivary gland tumors between pleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma

“…Prvulović et al published a study on the differentiation of ductal and lobular breast carcinoma on cytological material. They also emphasized the applicability of this method, not only in the differentiation, but also in grading the ca-melitusom tip I, i pokazali kako su jedarni parametri statistički veći u ovoj grupi bolesnika 35 . Obad-Kovačević je u svoje istraživanje uključila morfometrijske karakteristike benignih i malignih tumora parotidne žlezde, proučavajući karakteristike cele ćelije.…”

“…rcinoma itself 34 . Oz et al published a study on the morphometric characteristics of oral mucosa cells in patients with diabetes mellitus type I, and showed that nuclear parameters were higher in this group of patients 35 . Obad-Kovačević et al included morphometric characteristics of benign and malignant tumors of the parotid gland in their research by studying the characteristics of the entire cell.…”

Cytomorphometric Characteristics of Buccal Mucosal Cells in Behçet’s Disease Patients

“…The cytomorphometric measurements of the oral mucosal epithelial cells may be affected by patient characteristics such as age and gender, systemic diseases like anemia and diabetes, or local irritating agents such as tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, and infectious diseases [ 6 – 11 , 16 – 19 ]. We presume that the quantitative cytomorphometric changes disclosed in the present study may be attributable primarily to BD itself as the confounding factors for buccal cellular morphometric alterations mentioned previously were not present in the subjects in either our study or control groups.…”

Cytomorphologic patterns of Pap and PAS‐stained oral exfoliative cytology smears in adult Saudi diabetic patients as compared to healthy controls

“…The changes tended to be more frequent in diabetic group as compared to nondiabetic controls. A set of proceeding researches, examined the morphological findings of the oral epithelial cells in DM and reported similar changes particularly increased nuclear size. The aforementioned cytomorphologic changes notably increased nuclear size could be attributed to a variety of factors.…”

“…A set of proceeding researches, 7,15,18,19 examined the morphological findings of the oral epithelial cells in DM and reported similar changes SALIH ET AL. parabasal cells become exposed and actively dividing giving the cells with enlarged nuclei which we can detect in smears.…”