Nuclear Safeguards Verification Measurement Techniques

Zendel, M.; Donohue, D. L.; Kuhn, E.; Deron, S.; Bı́ró, Tamás

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0720-2_63

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…37 Particles of interest are selected based on their number of ssion tracks in the detector (polycarbonate membrane), with highly enriched uranium (HEU) or Pu particles yielding a larger number of tracks at the same neutron ux than particles consisting of natural or depleted U. Therefore, the number of tracks, and also their size and appearance indicate the presence of enriched U or Pu, and help the analyst to select particles to be analyzed by TIMS, 38 allowing us to obtain highly precise and accurate isotope ratio data of single particles with sizes in the low micrometer range (and below) and having pg amounts of nuclear material. The ssion track technique has been used for decades for the investigation of uranium-and plutonium-containing particles in combination with other radiometric and mass spectrometric techniques, such as alpha-spectrometry and resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) 39 or with ICP-MS. 40 However, compared to modern large geometry secondary ion mass spectrometry (LG-SIMS, see the section about SIMS) the sample throughput by single particle manipulation on laments and time needed for irradiation and cooling of the samples cannot compete with the automated particle search capabilities in SIMS.…”

Section: Environmental Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometric analysis for nuclear safeguards

Boulyga

Konegger-Kappel

Stephan³

et al. 2015

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

114

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Mass spectrometry is currently being implemented in a wide spectrum of research and industrial areas, such as materials science, cosmo-and geochemistry, biology and medicine, to name just a few. Research and development in nuclear safeguards is closely related to the general field of "Peace Research", representing a specific application area for analytical sciences in general and for mass spectrometry in particular. According to Albert Einstein "peace cannot be kept by force. It only can be achieved by understanding". Understanding implies a realistic estimation of potential challenges and threats, which is based on the ability to obtain timely, reliable and independent information. A particular task of international nuclear material safeguards is reducing threats that are posed by the proliferation of nuclear weapons. An important part of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards system is the "analytical laboratory", with mass spectrometric techniques, such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) belonging to the most powerful methods for the analysis of nuclear material and environmental samples collected during inspections. Each of the currently applied techniques provides definite merits (e.g. precision, accuracy, timeeffectiveness, high sensitivity, spatial resolution, reduced molecular interference, etc.) for a specific safeguards related application. Thus, taking advantage of each technique helps the analyst to gain a larger quantity of safeguards-relevant information. Along with the analysis of element amounts and isotopic compositions of uranium and plutonium in nuclear material the challenging applications of mass spectrometry include isotopic analysis of micro-samples, age determination of nuclear material as well as identification and quantification of elemental and isotopic signatures of inspection samples in general.Analysis of inspection samples implies strict quality control procedures and it demands the production of suitable certified isotopic reference materials which are used as calibration standards or as quality control samples. This manuscript discusses merits and limitations of presently available mass spectrometric

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Section: Environmental Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometric analysis for nuclear safeguards

Boulyga

Konegger-Kappel

Stephan³

et al. 2015

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

114

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“…Except in the case of a few research reactors, typically with a thermal power in excess of 25 MW, safeguards do not implement real-time monitoring of reactor operations. For those exceptional reactors power is measured by using the advanced thermohydraulic power monitor (Zendel et al, 2011), where the flow rate of coolant and temperature rise across the reactor are measured. For SNF in dry storage the default technologies are tamper indicating seals and surveillance.…”

Section: A Existing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colloquium : Neutrino detectors as tools for nuclear security

et al. 2020

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For over 40 years, physicists have considered possible uses for neutrino detectors in nuclear nonproliferation, arms control, and fissile materials security. Neutrinos are an attractive fission signature because they readily pass through matter. The same property makes neutrinos challenging to detect in systems that would be practical for nuclear security applications. This colloquium presents a broad overview of several potential neutrino applications, including the near-field monitoring of known reactors, far-field monitoring of known or discovery of undeclared reactors, detection of reactor waste streams, and detection of nuclear explosions. We conclude that recent detector advances have made near-field monitoring feasible. Farther-field reactor detection and waste stream detection monitoring are possible in some cases with further research and development. Very long-range reactor monitoring and nuclear explosion detection do not appear feasible for the foreseeable future due to considerable physical and/or practical constraints.

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“…Take 1000 gm of each sample. The samples were ready for measurement after removal of scums such as rocks, roots of plants and leaves, and then dried with air and using the oven at 80° C until the moisture was totally removed and secure weight [9] . Agriculture soil samples were analyzed to measure the radioactivity of natural radioactive nuclei by using a gamma-ray spectrometer based on the 3×3 NaI detector with a 6.8% energy resolution at 662 keV for 137Cs.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the radioactive contaminations of soil samples in some schools of Mosul province: a health detection

Hassan¹,

Husseinv²,

Kadhim³

et al. 2020

ATMPH

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In this study, we will investigate the radiation activity of 20 soil samples from five schools in Mosul Province were measured the gamma spectrum by using NaI (TI) Discovery which has dimensions 3*3 crystal. The activity concentrations of naturally occurring of 40K ranged from (310.414±3.40 to 1359.220±1.37) Bqkg−1, 238U reached from (1.035±0.300 to 62.636±0.108) Bq kg−1 and 232Th ranged from (0.583±0.060 to 24.139±0.47) Bq kg−1while the average activity concentration observed 40K was 936.340 ± 3.88 Bqkg−1, 238U was 18.861±0.391 Bqkg−1and 232Th was 5.376 ± 0.312Bqkg−1. The radiological hazard parameters (representative level index, radium equivalent activity, outdoor and indoor dose rates, outdoor and indoor annual effective dose equivalents, and radiation hazard index) were calculated from the radioactivity in the soil. Results of the present work concerning values of radium equivalent activity, outdoor annual effective dose rates, the gamma index, and internal and external hazard indices, all were found to be lower than their corresponding allowed limits given by the world average. The data produced in the present work can be used as baseline radiological data for future investigations.

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Nuclear Safeguards Verification Measurement Techniques

Cited by 9 publications

References 112 publications

Mass spectrometric analysis for nuclear safeguards

Mass spectrometric analysis for nuclear safeguards

Colloquium : Neutrino detectors as tools for nuclear security

Evaluating the radioactive contaminations of soil samples in some schools of Mosul province: a health detection

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