Nucleation and Growth of Metals

Plieth, W.

doi:10.1016/b978-044452792-9.50009-9

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…1(a)) has a porous and layered structure due to agglomeration of fine spherical Cd globules. This type of spherical morphology for Cd is typical for electrodeposition processes, reported by Plieth [32]. Cross-section of the coating shown in Fig.…”

Section: Coating Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 66%

Friction transitions and connections to third bodies for a Cd coating on steel substrate

et al. 2020

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Cd coating is used in aerospace industries from last five decades due to its sacrificial protection and lubrication properties. Although Cd coating is primarily used due to its sacrificial corrosion protection when applied on steel substrate, the added benefit of modifying the tribological behavior by acting as a lubricious layer gives it a leading-edge than other coatings. Often the measurement of friction coefficient (CoF) is reported as a value generated after full sliding cycle. This measurement of average CoF generally limits the study of local variation in CoF occurring within one sliding cycle, which can be significantly different with change in spatial position due to change in third body morphology. In this study, a linearly reciprocating sliding test is used to measure the CoF at a sampling rate of 800 Hz along the track length to generate triboscopic image with steel countersphere. The instantaneous CoF obtained with triboscopy is correlated with the wear track morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical profilometer for variation in contact conditions. Tribological test performed in dry atmosphere shows an average CoF of 0.4 till the end of the test whereas with increase in relative humidity to 60%, the average CoF changes from 0.4 to 0.8 at the end of the test due to change in contact conditions. Soft Cd coating on low carbon steel substrate is used to study these variations in third body morphology.

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Section: Coating Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 66%

Friction transitions and connections to third bodies for a Cd coating on steel substrate

et al. 2020

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“…Different growth/dissolving rates in horizontal and vertical directions indicate that the deposition/dissolution of Zn obeys the allometric model. 32 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time direct visualization of the allometric nucleation of Zn nuclei in the initial nucleation dimension has been carried out, which provides greater understanding of uniform electrodeposition and prospects for anode-free batteries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Unlocking the Allometric Growth and Dissolution of Zn Anodes at Initial Nucleation and an Early Stage with Atomic Force Microscopy

Zhou

Zhang

Hao

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Zn anodes have gained intensive attention for their environmental-friendliness and high volumetric capacity but are limited by their severe dendrite formation. Understanding the initial nucleation behavior is critical for manipulating the uniform deposition of Zn. Herein, the allometric growth and dissolution of Zn in the initial nucleation and early stages are visualized with in situ atomic force microscopy in aqueous ZnCl2 electrolytes. Zn nuclei grow via a horizontal radial direction and dissolve reversibly in a top-down process. The critical nucleation radius and density are dependent on the electrolyte concentration of ZnCl2, namely, the initial nucleus size is proportional to the ratio of surface free energy between deposited Zn and the electrolyte and overpotentials for Zn electrodeposition, and the density is inversely proportional to the cube of this ratio. This investigation provides guidelines for regulating uniform metal electrodeposition and yields benefits for the development of anode-free batteries.

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“…The relationship between deposition overpotential η and Δ G V is normalΔ G normalV = F | η | V normalm where F is Faraday’s constant and V m is the molar volume of sodium sulfide. Therefore, the critical radius is as follows , r crit = 2 γ V normalm F | η | For heterogeneous nucleation, such as sodium sulfide deposited on the electrode surface, the energy barrier to form critical nuclei is lowered, but the expression of the critical nuclei size is the same as in eq . To investigate the nucleation process, symmetric cells with CNF/polysulfides electrodes were charged and discharged at a constant current density (of 1, 2, or 5 mA cm –2 ) with 2 h cycles (Figure S29).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking classical nucleation theory as a starting point, it is commonly acknowledged that the nucleation of a new solid phase depends on the free energy barrier and the thermodynamic costs of forming critical atomic clusters. 67,68 For electrodeposition, this nucleation barrier can be effectively tuned by changing the electrochemical supersaturation at the working electrode by tuning the overpotential of the reduction reaction (Figure 3b). Traditionally, the driving forces of the electrocrystallization process can be divided into reaction overpotential, charge transfer overpotential, diffusion overpotential, and crystallization overpotential.…”

Section: Polysulfides' Catalytic Ability On Co Ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the Role of the Cationic Geometric Configuration in Spinel Catalysts for Polysulfide Conversion in Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

Zhang,

Lu,

Han

et al. 2023

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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An AB 2 X 4 spinel structure, with tetrahedral A and octahedral B sites, is a paradigmatic class of catalysts with several possible geometric configurations and numerous applications, including polysulfide conversion in metal−sulfur batteries. Nonetheless, the influence of the geometric configuration and composition on the mechanisms of catalysis and the precise manner in which spinel catalysts facilitate the conversion of polysulfides remain unknown. To enable controlled exposure of single active configurations, herein, Co td 2+ and Co oh 3+ in Co 3 O 4 catalysts for sodium polysulfide conversion are in large part replaced by Fe td 2+ and Fe oh 3+ , respectively, generating FeCo 2 O 4 and CoFe 2 O 4. Through an examination of electrochemical activation energies, the characterization of symmetric cells, and theoretical calculations, we determine that Co oh 3+ serves as the active site for the breaking of S−S bonds, while Co td 2+ functions as the active site for the formation of S−Na bonds. The current study underlines the subtle relationship between activity and geometric configurations of spinel catalysts, providing unique insights for the rational development of improved catalysts by optimizing their atomic geometric configuration.

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Nucleation and Growth of Metals

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Friction transitions and connections to third bodies for a Cd coating on steel substrate

Friction transitions and connections to third bodies for a Cd coating on steel substrate

Unlocking the Allometric Growth and Dissolution of Zn Anodes at Initial Nucleation and an Early Stage with Atomic Force Microscopy

Identifying the Role of the Cationic Geometric Configuration in Spinel Catalysts for Polysulfide Conversion in Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

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