Nucleation, growth and breakage phenomena in agitated wet granulation processes: a review

Iveson, S.M.; Litster, James D.; Hapgood, Karen; Ennis, Bryan J.

doi:10.1016/s0032-5910(01)00313-8

Cited by 1,095 publications

(647 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The nozzle position (height above powder bed) and the spray angle are commonly used to alter the size of the spray zone [1], which means the bed surface area of the spray zone (in x and y coordinates in Fig. 1) is determined by the design and feature of the nozzle.…”

Section: Shape Of Spray Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) Droplet-controlled nucleation [1] occurs in the spray zone. That is to say, one droplet forms a nucleus.…”

Section: Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A series of different types of granulator such as tumbling drum, fluidized bed and high shear granulator are available, and the corresponding operating parameters are optimized to produce granules with desired properties. The research of this area over the last few decades of the 20th Century has been reviewed by Iveson et al [1]. Recent development of granulation technique can be seen (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The qualitative definition of the nucleation zone [1] was given to describe the first contact between the powder surface and liquid binder to form the initial nuclei granules which is an important process that dominates in this compartment in the early stages of granulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Representing spray zone with cross flow as a well-mixed compartment in a high shear granulator

Hounslow

Reynolds

2016

Powder Technology

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Section: Shape Of Spray Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) Droplet-controlled nucleation [1] occurs in the spray zone. That is to say, one droplet forms a nucleus.…”

Section: Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Representing spray zone with cross flow as a well-mixed compartment in a high shear granulator

Hounslow

Reynolds

2016

Powder Technology

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“…A fluid bed granulation batch process consists of successive spraying and drying phases to create larger permanent aggregates or granules in which the original particles are still identifiable (Iveson et al, 2001). A batch process is generally characterized by a predefined processing of raw materials for a finite period of time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batch statistical process control of a fluid bed granulation process using in-line spatial filter velocimetry and product temperature measurements

Burggraeve

Kerkhof²,

Hellings³

et al. 2011

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Fluid bed granulation is a batch process, which is characterized by the processing of raw materials for a predefined period of time, consisting of a fixed spraying phase and a subsequent drying period. The present study shows the multivariate statistical modeling and control of a fluid bed granulation process based on in-line particle size distribution (PSD) measurements (using spatial filter velocimetry) combined with continuous product temperature registration using a partial least squares (PLS) approach. Via the continuous in-line monitoring of the PSD and product temperature during granulation of various reference batches, a statistical batch model was developed allowing the real-time evaluation and acceptance or rejection of future batches. Continuously monitored PSD and product temperature process data of 10 reference batches (X-data) were used to develop a reference batch PLS model, regressing the X-data versus the batch process time (Y-data). Two PLS components captured 98.8% of the variation in the X-data block. Score control charts in which the average batch trajectory and upper and lower control limits are displayed were developed. Next, these control charts were used to monitor 4 new test batches in real-time and to immediately detect any deviations from the expected batch trajectory. By real-time evaluation of new batches using the developed control charts and by computation of contribution plots of deviating process behavior at a certain time point, batch losses or reprocessing can be prevented. Immediately after batch completion, all PSD and product temperature information (i.e., a batch progress fingerprint) was used to estimate some granule properties (density and flowability) at an early stage, which can improve batch release time. Individual PLS models relating the computed scores (X) of the reference PLS model (based on the 10 reference batches) and the density, respectively flowabililty as Y-matrix, were developed. The scores of the 4 test batches were used to examine the predictive ability of the model.

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Particle Size Enlargement

Darcovich

2008

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Size enlargement concerns those processes that bring together fine powder particles into larger masses to improve the properties of the powders. Many diverse industries benefit from size enlargement processes. Examples discussed herein include fertilizer granulation, iron ore pelletization, tablet feeds for pharmaceuticals, instant food products, and the processing of mineral and chemical products. This article primarily considers those processes in which the creation of coarse granular material from fines is the objective. The characteristics of individual agglomerates are important only in their effect on the properties of the bulk granular product. Following an initial discussion of particle‐bonding mechanisms and the theory and measurement of agglomerate strength, size enlargement processes and equipment, including principal design parameters, are described. These processes are considered on the basis of the principal mechanism used to bring the particles together into agglomerates. The categories used are agglomeration by tumbling and other agitation methods, pressure compaction and extrusion methods, heat reaction, fusion, and drying methods, and agglomeration from liquid suspensions by competitive wetting.

show abstract

Nucleation, growth and breakage phenomena in agitated wet granulation processes: a review

Cited by 1,095 publications

References 101 publications

Representing spray zone with cross flow as a well-mixed compartment in a high shear granulator

Representing spray zone with cross flow as a well-mixed compartment in a high shear granulator

Batch statistical process control of a fluid bed granulation process using in-line spatial filter velocimetry and product temperature measurements

Particle Size Enlargement

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