Nucleotide and protein researches on anaerobic fungi during four decades

Abstract

Anaerobic fungi habitat in the gastrointestinal tract of foregut fermenters or hindgut fermenters and degrade fibrous plant biomass through the hydrolysis reactions with a wide variety of cellulolytic enzymes and physical penetration through fiber matrix with their rhizoids. To date, seventeen genera have been described in family Neocallimasticaceae, class Neocallimastigomycetes, phylum Neocallimastigomycota and one genus has been described in phylum Neocallimastigomycota. In National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (DB), 23,830 nucleotide sequences and 59,512 protein sequences have been deposited and most of them were originated from Piromyces, Neocallimastix and Anaeromyces. Most of protein sequences (44,025) were acquired with PacBio next generation sequencing system. The whole genome sequences of Anaeromyces robustus, Neocallimastix californiae, Pecoramyces ruminantium, Piromyces finnis and Piromyces sp. E2 are available in Joint Genome Institute (JGI) database. According to the results of protein prediction, average Isoelectric points (pIs) were ranged from 5.88 (Anaeromyces) to 6.57 (Piromyces) and average molecular weights were ranged from 38.7 kDa (Orpinomyces) to 56.6 kDa (Piromyces). In Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZY) database, glycoside hydrolases (36), carbohydrate binding module (11), carbohydrate esterases (8), glycosyltransferase (5) and polysaccharide lyases (3) from anaerobic fungi were registered. During four decades, 1,031 research articles about anaerobic fungi were published and 444 and 719 articles were available in PubMed (PM) and PubMed Central (PMC) DB.

Identification of the Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Using Metagenomic Sequencing

“…Interestingly, at the eukaryote level, Neocallimastix californiae , which was higher in the HPF group, was positively correlated with the total VFA and acetate. This eukaryote can ease the inner tension of plant fiber, facilitating degradation by rumen microbes [ 62 ]. The diversity and abundance of microbes and mutualism between the dominant bacteria and anaerobic fungi create an excellent rumen microbial environment enabling the HPF group to produce more VFA and use sufficient raw materials for milk production.…”

Roughage biodegradation by natural co-cultures of rumen fungi and methanogens from Qinghai yaks

“…Some methanogens can further enhance the anaerobic fungi's ability to degrade lignocelluloses. Anaerobic fungus–methanogen co-cultures degrade lignocellulosic materials to produce CH 4 , acetate and lignocellulose degradation enzymes with high activities, even exceeding those of some industrial strains (Teunissen et al 1993 ; Cheng et al 2018 ; Mountfort and Asher 1989 ; Solomon et al 2016 ; Yang and Xie 2010 ; Chang and Park 2020 ). However, until now, anaerobic fungi have not been used for widespread industrial applications due to their strict anaerobic growth requirements, limited preservation methods, difficulty in scale-up, and genetic intractability.…”

“…Therefore, these fungi have wide application prospects in bioenergy, the feed industry, biogas fermentation and other related fields. Anaerobic fungi are classified in the phylum Neocallimastigomycota , which contains one class, Neocallimastigomycetes , one order, Neocallimastigales , one family, Neocallimasticaceae and 18 genera based on flagellum numbers, growth patterns and rhizoid forms (Chang and Park 2020 ). The whole genome sequences of Anaeromyces robustus , Neocallimastix californiae , Pecoramyces ruminantium , Piromyces finnis and Piromyces sp.…”

“…The whole genome sequences of Anaeromyces robustus , Neocallimastix californiae , Pecoramyces ruminantium , Piromyces finnis and Piromyces sp. E2 are available in the Joint Genome Institute Database (Chang and Park 2020 ).…”

Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Modulating Milk Protein and Fat in Dairy Cow Using Microgenomic Sequencing

“…FAA was absorbed as it owed through the the mammary gland to synthesize milk protein. Additionally, Neocallimastix californiae, a kind of anaerobic fungi, was highly enriched in our high group which had been reported that it could reduce the inner tension of plant ber and make it easier to be degraded by rumen microbiomes [59]. In subsequent experiments, we made bacteria with signi cant differences into enzyme preparations and fed them to cows to test whether the bacteria could affect milking traits.…”