Nucleus accumbens AMPA receptor trafficking upregulated by food restriction: an unintended target for drugs of abuse and forbidden foods

Carr, Kenneth D

doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.019

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Thus, these results also suggest that the mesolimbic dopamine system is not responsible for increasing VS*, but approach motivation, a notion that is consistent with inferences derived from a review of other studies (Ikemoto and Panksepp 1999). The finding that CFR 3wk interacts with MPH in increasing approach motivation is consistent with previous studies suggesting that CFR sensitizes the mesolimbic dopamine system for motivational effects of psychostimulant drugs (Carr 2016; Pothos et al 1995; Stouffer et al 2015). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Interaction of chronic food restriction and methylphenidate in sensation seeking of rats

2017

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Rationale It is necessary to understand better how chronic food-restriction (CFR) and psychostimulant drugs interact in motivated behavior unrelated to food or energy homeostasis. Objectives We examined whether CFR augments methylphenidate (MPH)-potentiated responding reinforced by visual sensation (VS), and whether repeated MPH injections or prolonged CFR further augments such responses. Methods Before starting the following experiments, rats on a CFR diet received a limited daily ration in such a way that their body weights decreased to 85–90% of their original weights over 2 weeks. In experiment 1, rats on CFR and ad-libitum diet received four injections of varying MPH doses (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). In experiment 2, CFR and ad-libitum groups received repeated injections of MPH (2.5 mg/kg). In experiment 3, half of CFR rats received repeated injections of MPH (2.5 mg/kg), and the other half received saline, and following a 7-day abstinence, they all received the 2.5-mg/kg dose of MPH. Results CFR rats increased VS-reinforced responding more than ad-libitum rats when they received MPH. Repeated injections of MPH with prolonged CFR further increased VS-reinforced responding. We found a double dissociation where prolonged CFR (3 vs. 6 weeks) made VS-reinforced responding, but not locomotor activity, more responsive to MPH, whereas repeated MPH injections made locomotor activity, but not VS-reinforced responding, more responsive to MPH. Conclusions CFR markedly potentiates effects of MPH on VS-reinforced responding. The present study demonstrates that the longer CFR continues, the greater psychostimulant drugs augment behavioral interaction with salient stimuli.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Interaction of chronic food restriction and methylphenidate in sensation seeking of rats

2017

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“…The brain levels of dopamine in males can be controlled by an intake of tyrosine in food, and chronic food restriction induces dopamine conservation (31). However, in the …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and histological changes produced by sweeteners and cytarabine in the brain of young rats

García¹,

Brizuela²,

Peraza³

et al. 2018

Nutr Hosp

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Biochemical and histological changes produced by sweeteners and cytarabine in the brain of young rats Cambios bioquímicos e histológicos producidos por edulcorantes y citarabina en el cerebro de ratas jóvenes ResumenObjetivo: el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de edulcorantes (splenda y stevia) sobre los niveles de dopamina, acido 5-hidroxiindolacetico (HIAA) y algunos biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en presencia de citarabina. Métodos: cuarenta y ocho ratas Wistar machos con un peso aproximado de 80 g (cuatro semanas de edad), distribuidas en seis grupos de ocho animales cada uno, fueron tratados como sigue: grupo 1, control (NaCl 0,9% vehículo); grupo 2, citarabina (0,6 g/kg); grupo 3, stevia (0,6 g/kg); grupo 4, citarabina + stevia; grupo 5, splenda; y el grupo 6, citarabina + splenda. La citarabina fue administrada por vía intravenosa y la stevia y la splenda, por vía oral durante cinco días, utilizando una sonda orogástrica. Al final del tratamiento, los animales fueron sacrificados y se midieron los niveles de glucosa en sangre. Los cerebros fueron disecados para su análisis histológico y homogenizados para medir los niveles de dopamina, peroxidación lipídica (TBARS), metabolito de la serotonina (5-HIAA), actividad de la Na + , K + ATPasa y glutatión (GSH), usando métodos validados.Resultados: los edulcorantes aumentaron la glucosa en los animales que recibieron citarabina. La dopamina aumentó en la corteza y disminuyó en el estriado de los animales que recibieron stevia sola y combinada con citarabina. La 5-HIAA disminuyó en el estriado y el cerebelo/ médula oblongata de animales que recibieron edulcorantes y citarabina sola o combinada. El GSH se incrementó en los animales que recibieron edulcorantes. La lipoperoxidación disminuyó en los grupos que recibieron edulcorantes y citarabina. Estudios histopatológicos revelaron una degeneración neuronal importante en animales tratados con citarabina. Conclusión: los resultados muestran que los edulcorantes como stevia o splenda pueden conducir a la aparición de cambios desfavorables en los niveles de dopamina y 5-HIAA. Los cambios histológicos revelaron, además, lesiones marcadas de células neuronales en animales tratados con citarabina. AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of splenda and stevia on dopamine and 5-HIAA levels, and some biomarkers of oxidative stress in the presence of cytarabine. Methods: Forty-eight young male Wistar rats each with a weight of 80 g (four weeks of age), distributed in six groups of eight animals each, were treated as follows: group 1, control (NaCl 0.9% vehicle); group 2, cytarabine (0.6 g/kg); group 3, stevia (0.6 g/kg); group 4, cytarabine + stevia; group 5, splenda; and group 6, cytarabine + splenda. Cytarabine was given intravenously (IV) while stevia and splenda were administered orally for five days, using orogastric tube. At the end of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and glucose levels in blood were measured. The brains were dissected for histological analysis and homogenated to mea...

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“…While to our knowledge the current study is the first attempt to examine reinforcing value of non-nutritive orosensory stimulation in people, Epstein and Raynor have shown food deprivation to increase the relative reinforcing value of food in a computer choice paradigm similar to our own (Raynor & Epstein, 2003). Among laboratory animals, increased appetitive responding toward various drugs of abuse has repeatedly been demonstrated in chronically food-restricted animals (Cabeza de Vaca & Carr, 1998), as has been speculated to put food-restricted people at risk of binge eating episodes (Carr, 2016). In the animal model of sham feeding, reducing the duration of food deprivation limits the duration of intake, supporting a relationship at least between short-term food restriction and drive for sweet reward (Weingarten, Duong, & Elston, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the motivation to use artificial sweetener among individuals with an eating disorder

et al. 2017

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Eating disorders are associated with a range of abnormalities in eating behavior. Some individuals consume large amounts of non-caloric artificial sweeteners, suggesting abnormalities in appetitive responding. The current study aimed to quantify hedonic and motivating effects of artificial sweetener in individuals with and without an eating disorder. Two laboratory studies were conducted. Hedonic preference was estimated using the number of artificial sweetener packets (0 to 10) added to unsweetened cherry flavored Kool-Aid (study 1). Motivation to obtain sweetener was assessed by a progressive ratio (PR) work task (study 2). Ninety-three participants (25 anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN-R), 23 AN binge/purge type (AN-B/P), 20 bulimia nervosa (BN), and 25 normal controls (NC)) completed the study. No significant difference in hedonic preference was found among participant groups. Work completed at the PR task ranged from 0 to 9500 key-board presses. The AN-B/P group had a significantly higher breakpoint and performed significantly more work for sweetener compared to the BN and NC groups. Among AN-B/P and AN-R participants, the preferred number of Equal packets was significantly correlated with the breakpoint and total work. The increased amount of work for sweetener among individuals with AN-B/P supports an enhanced reward value of sweet taste in this population, and suggests that the characteristic food avoidance in AN cannot be accounted for by decreased reward value of all taste-related stimuli. This study also supports the novel application of a PR ratio task to quantify the motivating effect of sweet taste among individuals with an eating disorder.

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Nucleus accumbens AMPA receptor trafficking upregulated by food restriction: an unintended target for drugs of abuse and forbidden foods

Cited by 20 publications

References 60 publications

Interaction of chronic food restriction and methylphenidate in sensation seeking of rats

Interaction of chronic food restriction and methylphenidate in sensation seeking of rats

Biochemical and histological changes produced by sweeteners and cytarabine in the brain of young rats

Assessment of the motivation to use artificial sweetener among individuals with an eating disorder

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