“…In fact, whole genome reference sequences, high-density SNP genotyping arrays or genotyping-by-sequencing have been developed especially for fish (Yáñez et al, 2015). As for Manila clam, few studies have been devoted to the genetic diversity and structure of populations in its native range (see as examples Sekine et al, 2006;Vargas et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2007;Mao et al, 2011;An et al, 2012;Kitada et al, 2013, Nie et al, 2015 and in introduced ecosystems (Chiesa et al, 2011;2016;Mura et al, 2012;Hurtado et al, 2012). Yet a comparative study of native and introduced populations has not previously been undertaken and no genetic information is available concerning the differences occurring among productive stocks worldwide, or potential invasion pathways that might compromise the ability to perform predictions of genetic diversity and population structure of nonindigenous taxa (Holland, 2000).…”