“…While this methodology is simple, computationally efficient, and features frequently in the literature (e.g. Takada and Tanabe 1987, Lee et al 2009, Saberi et al 2011a, 2011b, it cannot capture certain pipe damage modes such as local buckling and ovalization. For this reason, the pipe has also been modelled using shell elements in the literature, as shown in Figure 1-b (e.g.…”