Numerical Analysis of Carbon Monoxide–Hydrogen Gas Reduction of Iron Ore in a Packed Bed by an Euler–Lagrange Approach

Review on Modeling and Simulation of Blast Furnace

“…This new approach, although being, thus, far verified at much lower temperatures than those within a real BF, can in principle be applied to ore particles with the support of physical experiments, which eliminates the arbitrary treatment of ore softening and melting behaviors in the DEM modeling of BFs. Natsui et al modeled the flow, heat and mass transfer in a simplified cylindrical reactor by a 3D CFD‐DEM model and considered the iron ore reduction by CO. Later, this model was extended to include the reduction by H 2 . Peters and Hoffmann developed a 1D CFD‐DEM model to investigate iron ore reduction against the measurement.…”

“…Natsui et al [165] modeled the flow, heat and mass transfer in a simplified cylindrical reactor by a 3D CFD-DEM model and considered the iron ore reduction by CO. Later, this model was extended to include the reduction by H 2 . [59] Peters and Hoffmann [61] developed a 1D CFD-DEM model to investigate iron ore reduction against the measurement. Recently, based on the comprehensive heat transfer model of Zhou et al, [166] Hou et al [62] developed a 2D CFD-DEM model to simulate the multiphase flow and thermochemical behaviors and performance of the LKAB experimental BF.…”

“…Also, considerable model developments based on either discrete or continuum approach have been made recently. These include, for example, the continuum modeling of layered structures of ore and coke and their impacts on CZ behaviors and global BF performance [46][47][48][49][50] and three-dimensional (3D) multiphase flow and thermochemical characteristics of BF processes, [51,52] the discrete simulation of cohesive zone, [53][54][55] liquid trickling flow in the dripping zone [56][57][58] and coupled flow, heat and mass transfer, [59][60][61][62] as well as the development of large-scale simulation capability, [63,64] and multi-scale modeling strategy. [65][66][67] This paper reviews the mathematical modeling and simulation of BF processes, with special reference to the formulation, validation, and application of the recent developments.…”

Coke Reactivity in Simulated Blast Furnace Shaft Conditions

“…Modeling has also been done on H 2 injection into the blast furnace as a potential method to achieve reductions in CO 2 emissions. [21] The carbon conversion used to estimate the reaction degree was calculated by the following equation:…”

Capturing the non‐spherical shape of granular media and its trickle flow characteristics using fully‐Lagrangian method

“…Even for elements of the same volume, the void fraction varies depending on the element shape. In case (a), there is a tendency for arrangement along the wall surfaces (wall effect) and little apparent disorder in the stacking structure. However, in cases (b) and (c), there is considerable pattern in the arrangements of the non‐spherical elements and the disorder in the packing structure has increased.…”