Numerical and Experimental Investigation on the Effects of a Nozzle Attachment to Plasma Torches for Plasma Atomization

Yurtkuran, Emre; Ünal, Rahmi

doi:10.1007/s11090-020-10095-x

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Larouche et al [129] reported that the yield of fine Ti-6Al-4V powders increased from 39.9% to 59.6% by increasing G/M from 8.7 to 12.9 and shortening the distance between the wire and plasma outlet. Yurtkuran and Ünal [130] found that the suitable geometry of the plasma torch and high-speed nozzle would improve the atomization efficiency.…”

Section: Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

Sun,

Chen,

Liu

et al. 2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has attracted significant attention since its inception, providing unprecedented advantages to fabricate metallic components with complex geometry. The quality and performance of as-printed alloys is an intricate function consisting of numerous factors linking the feedstock powders, manufacturing, and post-treatment. As the starting materials, powders play a critical role in influencing the printing consistency, total fabrication cost, and mechanical properties. In consideration of its importance for L-PBF, the present review aims to review the recent progress on metallic powders for L-PBF focusing on powder characterization, powder fabrication, and powder reuse. The methods of powder characterization and fabrication were presented in the beginning by analyzing the principles and corresponding advantages and limitations. Subsequently, the effect of powder reuse on the powder characteristics and mechanical performance of L-PBF parts is analyzed focusing on steels, nickel-based superalloys, Ti and Ti alloys, and Al alloys. The evolution trend of powders and as-printed parts varies for different alloy systems based on the existing studies, which makes the proposal of a unified reuse protocol infeasible. Finally, perspectives are presented to cater to the increasing applications of AM technologies for future investigations. The present state-of-the-art work can pave the way for the broad industrial applications of L-PBF by enhancing printing consistency and reducing the total cost from the perspective of powders.

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Section: Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

Sun,

Chen,

Liu

et al. 2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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show abstract

“…[1,2] The demand for high-quality spherical powder that meets key technical indicators such as high sphericity, low oxygen content, low satellite powder rate, and high yield of powder in specific intervals is growing. Nowadays, the preparation methods of metallic powder mainly include gas atomization (GA) represented by German ALD company, [3] plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) represented by Russia, [4] and plasma atomization (PA) represented by Canadian AP&C. [5] Since gas atomization has the advantages of low gas preparation cost, large production, and controllable powder particle size, it has been widely applied. [6] The key to the technical indicators of using powder in different manufacturing processes is the yield rate in specific intervals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process modeling gas atomization of close-coupled ring-hole nozzle for 316L stainless steel powder production*

Wang

Liu

et al. 2021

Chinese Phys. B

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The paper aims at modeling and simulating the atomization process of the close-coupled ring-hole nozzle in vacuum induction gas atomization (VIGA) for metallic powder production. First of all, the primary atomization of the ring-hole nozzle is simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) coupled large eddy simulation (LES) model. To simulate the secondary atomization process, we use the method of selecting the droplet sub-model and the VOF model. The results show that the ring-hole nozzle forms a gas recirculation zone at the bottom of the delivery tube, which is the main reason for the formation of an annular liquid film during the primary atomization. In addition, the primary atomization process of the ring-hole nozzle consists of three stages: the formation of the serrated liquid film tip, the appearance and shedding of the ligaments, and the fragmentation of ligaments. At the same time, the primary atomization mainly forms spherical droplets and long droplets, but only the long droplets can be reserved and proceed to the secondary atomization. Moreover, increasing the number of ring holes from 18 to 30, the mass median diameter (MMD, d 50) of the primary atomized droplets decreases first and then increases, which is mainly due to the change of the thickness of the melt film. Moreover, the secondary atomization of the ring-hole nozzles is mainly in bag breakup mode and multimode breakup model, and bag breakup will result in the formation of hollow powder, which can be avoided by increasing the gas velocity.

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“…Most of the experimental data on arc plasma torches are reported in terms of time traces of voltage drop and planar arc images from a high-speed camera [6,[8][9][10]. Visualization of the axial motion of the arc inside the plasma torch, which may affect the rotational motion, is highly challenging even using the most advanced imaging technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc dynamics in a vortex-stabilized non-transferred plasma torch with a tangential gas feed

Perambadur¹,

Shukla²,

Klimenko³

et al. 2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The mode of anode arc attachments in a thermal plasma torch, such as constricted arc, multi-arc or diffused arc attachment, has operational as well as economic consequences on the use of plasma torches in industrial applications. The mode of arc attachment is strongly dependent on the gas flow dynamics, gas vortex formation and wall energy exchange. To gain more insight into arc attachment behaviour, this article presents a transient flow plasma model implemented using OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics code to study the effect of gas swirl and arc rotation on modes of arc attachments. A tangentially fed plasma gas creates a gas swirl that helps to induce the arc rotation. The investigations were carried out at arc currents between 200–450 A and input gas flow rates in the range of 5–20 slpm. High gas swirl and low arc currents are found to favour constricted attachment on the anode surface. The local gas vortex driven by the plasma swirl creates hot spots inside the torch that dictate the arc attachment. The transition of arc attachment from the diffuse to constricted mode was simulated by imposing a step-change in the gas flow which shows the evolution of different arc attachment behaviour. During the transition from constricted to diffused attachment, the arc tends to undergo a transitionary multi-attachment mode at specific selected current and flow parameters.

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Numerical and Experimental Investigation on the Effects of a Nozzle Attachment to Plasma Torches for Plasma Atomization

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

Process modeling gas atomization of close-coupled ring-hole nozzle for 316L stainless steel powder production*

Arc dynamics in a vortex-stabilized non-transferred plasma torch with a tangential gas feed

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