In the past few decades, modal testing has become a major technology for determining, improving and optimizing dynamic characteristics of engineering structures in different fields, with emphasys (but not limited to) mechanical, civil, and aeronautical/aerospace engineering. One of the great advantages of using modal tests is related to their experimental practicality. This practical advantage leads to its strong use in inverse methods, or commonly known as inverse modal-based problems. An inverse problem based on modal parameters can be formulated basically using i) natural frequency, ii) damping factor or loss factor and iii) mode shapes. Other metrics can also be used from the composition of these 3 main responses, such as modal strain energy, inverse FRF and many others. Inverse modal-based identification through optimization algorithms are particularly emphasized. The methods discussed here are mainly elaborated by the evaluation of modal data due to the great potential of application. This chapter discusses the use of computational and intelligent techniques for parameter identification using modal responses. The content in this paper aims to help engineers and researchers find a starting point in developing a better solution to their specific structural problems, either by inverse methods, pattern recognition, or intelligent signal processing.