Numerical Approach toward Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Using Variable Diffusion and Non-Fourier’s Concept

Abstract

In the current study, the pseudoplastic model is used to analyze the mass and energy transmission through trihybrid nanofluid flow across a stretched permeable surface. The Darcy–Forchheimer relation is employed in the momentum equation to examine the influence of porosity. Energy and mass diffusion expressions are obtained by employing the double diffusion theories, which were proposed by Cattaneo and Christov and is broadly used by several researchers. The thermal efficiency of the trihybrid nanocrystals is evaluated by integrating them with a pseudoplastic substrate. The study of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ), and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanocomposite base hybrid nanofluids across a stretchable sheet is receiving considerable interest in innovation and research due to their extensive spectrum of applicability. For this reason, the phenomena are modeled in the form of a system of PDEs with the effects of a heat source, magnetic field, natural convection, and chemical reaction. Through resemblance substitutions, these are reduced to an ODE system. The resultant first-order differential equations are further processed using the computational approach PCM. For authenticity and reliability, the values are reviewed against the existing literature. The findings are displayed through figures. When compared to the simple nanofluid, the hybrid and trihybrid nanofluid have a greater tendency for fluid energy and velocity propagation rate. The velocity and heat transition rate enhance 11.73% by varying nanoparticles’ values from 0.01 to 0.04, while the thermal conductivity of base fluid boosts with the addition of hybrid and trihybrid nanocomposites, up to 32% and 61%, respectively.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Analysis of the Thomson and Troian velocity slip for the flow of ternary nanofluid past a stretching sheet

“…Meanwhile, Shah et al 21 studied the flow behaviour of ternary nanofluid in which the base fluid was assumed to be a second grade nanofluid. Aleghyne et al 22 dealt with the investigation of variable diffusion on the thermal features of ternary nanofluid. Ramzan et al 23 suspended three nanoparticles into the partially ionised kerosene to use it as a coolant to reduce the heat present on the rotating surface.…”

Casson nanoliquid film flow over an unsteady moving surface with time-varying stretching velocity

“…Mahabaleshwar 33 considered linear stretching sheet problem in porous domain with suction. Recent works on the flow of hybrid nanofluids over differenr geometries has been repoted in [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] .…”

Fully developed opposing mixed convection of a Jeffery tri‐hybrid nanofluid between two parallel inclined plates subjected to wall‐slip condition

“…where 𝜇 denotes the dynamic viscosity, 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity, nf denotes nanofluid with single type particles, 𝜓 * = 𝜓 1 + 𝜓 2 + 𝜓 3 is the total nanoparticle volume fraction, 𝜇 𝑛𝑓1 and 𝑘 𝑛𝑓1 , 𝜇 𝑛𝑓2 and 𝑘 𝑛𝑓2 , and 𝜇 𝑛𝑓3 and 𝑘 𝑛𝑓3 are, respectively, defined, based on their shapes of spherical [27], cylindrical [29], platelet [31] The thermophysical properties of base fluid (ethylene glycol) and different nanoparticles, and the shape factors of nanoparticles used in this paper are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The relationship between the thermal conductivity of nanofluids measured at room temperature and the volume concentration of nanoparticles with different nanoparticle shapes is shown in Figure 2.…”

“…Sahoo et al [27] developed an accurate correlation to estimate the maximum deviation of viscosity of a Al 2 O 3 -CuO-TiO 2 /H 2 O ternary hybrid nanofluid. Applications of ternary hybrid nanofluids have been reported by Manjunatha et al [28], Algehyne et al [29], and so on. Further important contributions on ternary hybrid nanofluid models can be found in Refs.…”