Numerical Assessment of an After-Treatment System Equipped with a Burner to Speed-Up the Light-Off during Engine Cold Start

Abstract

In the next years, the upcoming emission legislations are expected to introduce further restrictions on the admittable level of pollutants from vehicles measured on homologation cycles and real drive tests. In this context, the strict control of pollutant emissions at the cold start will become a crucial point to comply with the new regulation standards. This will necessarily require the implementation of novel strategies to speed-up the light-off of the reactions occurring in the after-treatment system, since the cold start conditions are the most critical one for cumulative emissions. Among the different possible technological solutions, this paper focuses on the evaluation of the potential of a burner system, which is activated before the engine start. The hypothetical burner exploits the lean combustion of an air-gasoline mixture to generate a high temperature gas stream which is directed to the catalyst section promoting a fast heating of the substrate. In this work, an experimental test bench has been adopted to characterize the thermal transient of the after-treatment system when the burner-like system is activated, monitoring the temperature of the gas flow and the temperature of the metallic walls at different locations. Moreover, a CFD model has been developed to investigate the light-off of the reactions during the initial operation of the burner and the subsequent start of the engine. The model, developed on the basis of the OpenFOAM code, resorts to a multi-region approach, where different meshes are employed to describe the fluid domain and the solid regions, namely the catalytic porous substrates and the metallic walls constituting pipes and canning. Specific submodels are implemented to consider flow resistance, heat transfer, mass transfer and catalytic reactions occurring in the catalyst region. The CFD framework has been initially validated on the experimental data acquired on the test bench. The methodology has been then applied to the preliminary analysis of the catalyst light-off at engine cold start, considering a full exhaust line equipped with burner-like system.

CFD Investigation of an Innovative Additive Manufactured POCS Substrate as Electrical Heated Solution for After-Treatment Systems

“…The employed computational model exploits the open source OpenFOAM environment. The CFD framework consists of a conjugate heat transfer (CHT) multi-region methodology developed by the authors [12,13], which extends the OpenFOAM functionalities with specific libraries. In the context of ICE after-treatment systems, such extensions are required to address the interaction between the exhaust gases and the generic after-treatment devices of typical exhaust lines.…”

“…This implies that the chemical reaction rates are equal to the rates of diffusion of the chemical species to the active sites. The resulting nonlinear system of equations is solved by means of an iterative approach [12].…”

CFD investigation of the radiative heat transfer effects on the adoption of an electrical heated catalyst to increase the abatement efficiency

“…Other approaches are based on specific catalyst heat-up technologies, characterized by the possibility of activating such solution in advance with respect to the engine start [5]. The utilization of burner systems or external combustors is one of those technical solutions, even though still confined at the research stage due to technical challenges [6,7]. In this context, another heat-up strategy is based on the application of electrical heated catalyst [8,9,10].…”