Numerical Assessment of RF Human Exposure in Smart Mobility Communications

Survey of Exposure to RF Electromagnetic Fields in the Connected Car

“…The dose absorbed by the driver at the typical V2V ITS 5.9 GHz band was quantified as the SAR. As observed in [59], [60], the dose was mainly absorbed at the most superficial tissues of the body -the skin -and in the head. In the worst-case scenario (that consisted of four antennas operated at the same time and at the maximum EIRP) the dose absorbed by the whole body (0.008 W/kg), at the head/torso (1.58 W/kg), and the limbs (0.76 W/kg) was well below the basic restriction limit for EMF exposure of the general population at 100 kHz-300 GHz, which is equal to 0.08 W/kg for the whole body, 2 W/kg in 10 g tissue for the head/torso, and 4 W/kg in 10 g tissue for the limbs [56], [57].…”

“…In addition to the analytical approach described above, numerical simulation of the exposure field can be done also using computational electromagnetic approaches capable to solve Maxwell's equations directly, as the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method [88]. Examples of application of computational electromagnetics for field exposure assessment in the car are in [59]- [61], [63], [70]- [79] in Table IV and [82]- [85] in Table V. In computational electromagnetics, the exposure scenario is modelled using 3D geometries; the scenario is then discretized in terms of grids and Maxwell's equations are solved at each point in the grid.…”

“…To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are only a very few studies ( [58], [59], [60]) on EMF exposure in specific V2X scenarios, whereas most of the past studies focused on in-vehicle exposure from generic wireless communication used in cars, such as mobile communication (e.g., Global System for Mobile Communications-GSM, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service-UMTS, and LTE), Bluetooth and WiFi.…”

“…A more realistic and complex exposure scenario was addressed for the first time by Tognola et al [59], [60] (Table IV) who assessed RF exposure in a realistic anatomical human phantom seated at the driver position inside a 3D model of a real city car equipped with V2V external antennas mounted on the roof. The dose absorbed by the driver at the typical V2V ITS 5.9 GHz band was quantified as the SAR.…”

“…The majority of past studies focused on the use of generic personal wireless communication technologies, such as mobile phones, Bluetooth and WiFi devices. Only a few studies ( [58], [59], [60]) addressed technologies specific to car connectivity, such as V2V. As for car sensing, we found only studies addressing extremely simplified exposure scenarios.…”