Numerical Investigation of Runaway Electrons During the Breakdown of Homogeneous Electric Field Air Gaps Under Nanosecond Pulse Voltage

Optimal Conditions for Generation of Runaway Electrons in High Pressure Gases

“…Among the main directions of RAEs and X-rays investigations, considering only a small part of the well-known publications over the last few years, are works [71][72][73] aimed at obtaining thermonuclear fusion in which the runaway electrons damaged walls of vacuum chambers, thereby limiting plasma heating; works [74][75][76][77][78][79] considering atmospheric discharges, including high-altitude ones in which X-ray and gamma radiation were registered and reasons for their occurrence were discussed; works [80][81][82][83][84][85] in which megavolt voltage discharges emitting X-rays and modeling lightning evolution in meter gaps were registered; works [86][87][88][89] considering discharges in a uniform electric field at relatively low voltages; and, of course, discharges in a non-uniform electric field registered in centimeter gaps at high voltages in air and other gases for which the runaway electrons were experimentally registered. To confirm the relevance of these studies on electron beam generation, some other works not mentioned above that have been published in 2022-2023 should be mentioned here, including works [90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] in which the study of the RAEB generation in centimeter gaps was continued. In works [99,100], attention was focused on the study of the RAEs in TOKAMAK-type installations and devices for their diagnostics in these conditions.…”

Optimal Conditions for the Generation of Runaway Electrons in High-Pressure Gases

“…The works [74][75][76][77][78][79] considered atmospheric discharges, including high-altitude ones in which X-ray and gamma radiation were registered and reasons for their occurrence were discussed; works [80][81][82][83][84][85] in which megavolt voltage discharges emitting X-rays and modeling lightning evolution in meter gaps were registered; works [86][87][88][89] considered discharges in a uniform electric field at relatively low voltages; and, of course, discharges in a non-uniform electric field registered in centimeter gaps at high voltages in air and other gases for which the runaway electrons were experimentally registered. To confirm the relevance of these studies on electron beam generation, some other works not mentioned above that have been published in 2022-2023 should be mentioned here, including works [90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] in which the study of RAEB generation in centimeter gaps was continued. In works [99,100], attention was focused on the study of RAEs in TOKAMAK-type installations and devices for their diagnostics in these conditions.…”