Numerical investigation of the effects of environmental conditions, droplet size, and social distancing on droplet transmission in a street canyon

Air curtain as a SARS-CoV-2 spreading mitigation method in a small aircraft cabin

“…As an additional measure of passenger’s infection risk, viral load (VL) based on truem˙plane statistics was calculated. According to Fan et al 38 VL is defined with the assumption that the virions number in a droplet is proportional to its volume, as given by the left-hand side formula of equation (2):where vlmean is the mean VL of SARS-CoV-2 virions (3.3 mln copies per mL of saliva) as detected by To et al 39 in saliva specimens taken from the lower respiratory tract. Ni is number of droplets and dp indicates droplet diameter.…”

“…As an additional measure of passenger's infection risk, viral load (VL) based on _ m plane statistics was calculated. According to Fan et al 38 VL is defined with the assumption that the virions number in a droplet is proportional to its volume, as given by the left-hand side formula of equation (2):…”

Assessment of exhaled pathogenic droplet dispersion and indoor-outdoor exposure risk in urban street with naturally-ventilated buildings

“…For outdoor places, most previous researches emphasized the dispersion of inert or reactive gaseous pollutants and particles as well as pollutant exposure in urban environments [20][21][22][23][24][25], but few investigate the dispersion of exhaled droplets from human breathing activities in outdoor urban space which may evaporate and is a kind of hazardous material carrying infectious bacterial or viruses. In recent years, limited researches explore droplet evaporation/dispersion in an outdoor open space [26][27] and a street canyon [28]. They found that human-to-human infection risks outdoor cannot be neglected when the index patient locates in the upstream regions of other people..…”

Large eddy simulation of sneeze plumes and particles in a poorly ventilated outdoor air condition: A case study of the University of Houston main campus

“…While the risk of infection outdoors is generally lower than indoors, the authors caution that the risk is not zero, particularly in crowded settings or in the absence of mitigation measures. In ( Fan et al, 2022 ), a numerical model was used to study droplet transmission in a street canyon. The authors found that environmental conditions, such as wind speed and direction, significantly influence droplet transmission.…”