Numerical investigation on thermal characteristics and flow distribution of a parallel micro-channel separate heat pipe in data center

Yue, Chang; Zhang, Quan; Zhai, Zhiqiang; Li, Ling

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.10.025

Cited by 50 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For energy conservation of ACS, there are four main considerations: (1) appropriate cooling strategy [15]; (2) good layout design and air flow distribution for computer rooms [16,17]; (3) economizer cycles [18,19]; and (4) simulation-based control [20]. In addition to these, the use of heat pipes [5,[21][22][23] and free-cooling [24][25][26] in data centers was also attempted. All of the above-mentioned methods involved the optimization of the method or improvement of a specific technology in existing energy systems; however, they did not address configuration optimization in the system planning and design.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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The analysis of energy configuration in the planning of data-center-park-integrated energy systems (DCP-IESs) has become an enormous challenge, owing to multi-energy complementarity, energy cascade use, and energy security. In this study, a configuration model of DCP-IESs was established to obtain the economic and low-carbon energy uses of the data centers, based on mixed integer linear programming. In the model, carbon emissions were converted to economic indicators through carbon pricing. Then, the configuration model was modified according to the security of the proposed device switching logic, and the Markov-based reliability estimation method was used to ensure the redundant design of the configuration. Using the new energy configuration method, the DCP-IES configuration scheme could be obtained under economical, low-carbon, and high reliability conditions. A data center park in Shanghai was selected as a case study, and the results are as follows: it will only take 2.88 years for the economics of DCP-IES to reach those of traditional data center energy systems. Additionally, the use of configuration model in DCP-IES would result in a reduction in annual carbon emissions of 39,323 tons, with a power usage effectiveness of 1.388, whereas an increase in reliability results in an increasingly faster increase in the initial investment cost.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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“…The temperature distribution of each component in the heat exchanger can be obtained. 24 measuring points. The temperature distribution of each component in the heat exchanger can be obtained.…”

Section: Experimental System Of Mhpa-awhementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhu et al [23] proposed a separate heat pipe heat exchanger system and a simulation method to estimate the operating performance and the energy efficiency, which reduced the mismatch degree by increasing the heat pipe series, and the maximum heat transfer efficiency of a three-stage heat pipe heat exchanger was 65%. Yue et al [24] developed a parallel micro-channel separate heat pipe system, where the maximum cooling capacity reached 9.6 kW when the corresponding optimal refrigerant filling ratio was 65.27%. Moreover, the heat flux was greatly affected by the temperature distribution of the inlet and outlet and different filling ratios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Indoor Air–Water Heat Exchanger Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array for Data Center

et al. 2020

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According to the temperature regulations and high energy consumption of air conditioning (AC) system in data centers (DCs), natural cold energy becomes the focus of energy saving in data center in winter and transition season. A new type of air–water heat exchanger (AWHE) for the indoor side of DCs was designed to use natural cold energy in order to reduce the power consumption of AC. The AWHE applied micro-heat pipe arrays (MHPAs) with serrated fins on its surface to enhance heat transfer. The performance of MHPA-AWHE for different inlet water temperatures, water and air flow rates was investigated, respectively. The results showed that the maximum efficiency of the heat exchanger was 81.4% by using the effectiveness number of transfer units (ε-NTU) method. When the max air flow rate was 3000 m3/h and the water inlet temperature was 5 °C, the maximum heat transfer rate was 9.29 kW. The maximum pressure drop of the air side and water side were 339.8 Pa and 8.86 kPa, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation index j/f1/2 of the MHPA-AWHE increased by 10.8% compared to the plate–fin heat exchanger with louvered fins. The energy saving characteristics of an example DCs in Beijing was analyzed, and when the air flow rate was 2500 m3/h and the number of MHPA-AWHE modules was five, the minimum payback period of the MHPA-AWHE system was 2.3 years, which was the shortest and the most economical recorded. The maximum comprehensive energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the system after the transformation was 21.8, the electric power reduced by 28.3% compared to the system before the transformation, and the control strategy was carried out. The comprehensive performance provides a reference for MHPA-AWHE application in data centers.

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“…Thus, the power demands for the fluid transportation and distribution are much higher due to the long distance. It was suggested that the traditional central VAC system could be substituted by distributed VAC system, such as heat pipe system because of its high heat transfer efficiency by phase change and water temperature at condenser side (Ling et al, 2017;Yue et al, 2019). The heat pipe system was suitable for the high sensible heat dissipation application (Ding et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2019b;Zou et al, 2019).…”

Section: Energy Saving Scheme Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Field investigation on operation parameters and performance of air conditioning system in a subway station

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2019

Energy Exploration & Exploitation

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Ventilation and air conditioning system in subway stations accounts for about 50% of the total energy consumption of the subway stations. The energy consumption ratio of public area to equipment room is about 6.5:3.5. In order to understand the energy saving potential of public areas and equipment rooms, a field measurement for a typical subway station in central China was conducted from 19 to 29 September 2018. The field testing parameters include weather conditions, indoor air temperature and humidity, supply and return air flow rate, chilled water temperature, and flow rate. Meanwhile, some parameters recorded by the system control panel, such as pump frequency, chiller power demand, and energy consumption, were also collected. The paper studied the operating characteristics of the ventilation and air conditioning system and the cooling load pattern of the subway station, focusing on the following three aspects: cooling capacity and power demand of the chiller under different conditions, dynamic cooling capacity of the air handling units, and cooling load characteristics of the equipment rooms. Different operation conditions influence the operation of chiller. It was found that the real power demands under two operation conditions, i.e. minimum and all fresh air modes, are 121 and 77 kW, and the corresponding coefficient of performances are 4.33 and 4.77, respectively. The actual cooling capacity at night is about 80% that of the daytime, and is about 40% of the design value, which indicates that the air handling units operate under partial load. During the testing period, the actual cooling load is about 10–50% of the design load, of which 50–95% is sensible cooling load. These data can help readers understand the overall situation of a typical subway station adequately and provide numerical basis for energy saving optimization of the ventilation and air conditioning system.

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Numerical investigation on thermal characteristics and flow distribution of a parallel micro-channel separate heat pipe in data center

Cited by 50 publications

References 28 publications

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Thermal Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Indoor Air–Water Heat Exchanger Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array for Data Center

Field investigation on operation parameters and performance of air conditioning system in a subway station

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