“…As a result, the range of the debris flight is strongly dependent on the aerodynamic drag forces [1][2][3]. However, as the number of debris particles is at least tens of thousands, the computational cost to conduct a full Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation for each debris particle is prohibitively high, though CFD has been demonstrated to be a feasible approach for many applications [4][5][6][7], including particle tracking [8,9] or particle-laden flows [10,11]. The possible approach to handle particle-particle and particle-fluid interactions together is the DEM-CFD method (DEM: discrete element method), when a limited number of particles are included [9].…”