Numerical Investigations on the Influencing Factors of Rapid Fire Spread of Flammable Cladding in a High-Rise Building

Hassan, Md. Kamrul; Hossain, Md. Delwar; Gilvonio, Michael; Rahnamayiezekavat, Payam; Douglas, Grahame; Pathirana, Sameera; Saha, Swapan K.

doi:10.3390/fire5050149

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, Taylor's study [37], which includes fire spread through closed combustible cavities, indicated a reduction in vertical fire spread by reducing the cavity width. In the validated numerical study by Hassan et al [38], which simulated the BS 8414.1 façade fire test, using 50 mm and 100 mm cavity widths resulted in earlier failure times than the 25 mm cavity width due to the lack of oxygen in the 25 mm cavity. They believed that having a wide cavity produces less pressure for the fire plume to stretch up, thus resulting in increased fire spread.…”

Section: Fire Spread/combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review on Cavity Fires in Buildings: Flame Spread Characteristics, Fire Risks, and Safety Measures

Godakandage,

Weerasinghe,

Gamage

et al. 2023

Fire

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Fire spread scenarios associated with concealed cavity spaces have been relatively less discussed. The variation in studies with respect to geometry, influential parameters, and protection strategies has been an obstacle to deriving more generalized solutions in terms of cavity fire in buildings. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA method to identify the conclusive fire behaviour, safety risks, and protection strategies to enable future researchers to address cavity fire scenarios effectively, avoiding catastrophic disasters. This study identified that relative to open-fire scenarios, cavity fires could result in up to 10 times higher flame spread, up to 14 times higher heat exposure, and temperature conditions 13 times higher. Increased toxicity and smoke velocity are also found with cavity fires. Fire protection strategies and their efficiency were identified for a range of cavity geometries. Altogether, cavity spaces, especially narrow ones, cannot be neglected during fire safety, and proper risk identification is required to ensure the safety of the buildings and the occupants in a fire scenario.

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Section: Fire Spread/combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fire within the building [3,[6][7][8]11,14,15,17,19,25,33,35,[39][40][41]46,48,51,56,60,62,67,70] Fire initiated within the cavity [1,2,4,5,9,10,12,13,16,18,[28][29][30][31][32]36,37,57,71] External fire spread/events [16,28,37,38,41,43,47,59,62] Fire 2024, 7, 12…”

Section: Fire Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on Cavity Fires in Buildings: Flame Spread Characteristics, Fire Risks, and Safety Measures

Godakandage,

Weerasinghe,

Gamage

et al. 2023

Fire

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“…Building fire disaster management systems in smart cities have become required due to the worldwide phenomenon of fire [14] and the increasing significance of fire accidents in structures [15]. So, this paper introduces a new energy-aware method to solve the problem of intelligent fire evacuation systems based on the IoT in smart buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fire Evacuation and Control System in Smart Buildings Based on the Internet of Things and a Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm

Mohammadiounotikandi

Fakhruldeen

Meqdad³

et al. 2023

Fire

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Concerns about fire risk reduction and rescue tactics have been raised in light of recent incidents involving flammable cladding systems and fast fire spread in high-rise buildings worldwide. Thus, governments, engineers, and building designers should prioritize fire safety. During a fire event, an emergency evacuation system is indispensable in large buildings, which guides evacuees to exit gates as fast as possible by dynamic and safe routes. Evacuation plans should evaluate whether paths inside the structures are appropriate for evacuations, considering the building’s electric power, electric controls, energy usage, and fire/smoke protection. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a catalyst for creating and optimizing the supply and consumption of intelligent services to achieve an efficient system. Smart buildings use IoT sensors for monitoring indoor environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, luminosity, and air quality. This research proposes a new way for a smart building fire evacuation and control system based on the IoT to direct individuals along an evacuation route during fire incidents efficiently. This research utilizes a hybrid nature-inspired optimization approach, Emperor Penguin Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization (EPC-PSO). The EPC algorithm is regulated by the penguins’ body heat radiation and spiral-like movement inside their colony. The behavior of emperor penguins improves the PSO algorithm for sooner convergences. The method also uses a particle idea of PSO to update the penguins’ positions. Experimental results showed that the proposed method was executed accurately and effectively by cost, energy consumption, and execution time-related challenges to ensure minimum life and resource causalities. The method has decreased the execution time and cost by 10.41% and 25% compared to other algorithms. Moreover, to achieve a sustainable system, the proposed method has decreased energy consumption by 11.90% compared to other algorithms.

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“…Traditional fire protection systems have many limitations [6,7]. Most high-rise building fires start as small local fires, gradually spreading to other locations and developing into large fires [8,9]. Thus, high-rise building fire protection systems need to detect and extinguish fires promptly, preventing small fires from escalating into large ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-Time Pre-Response Experiment System for High-Rise Building Fires Based on the Internet of Things

Zhao

Zhu

2023

Fire

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The primary objective of the current fire protection system in high-rise buildings is to extinguish fires in close proximity to the detectors. However, in the event of rapidly spreading fires, it is more effective to limit the transmission of fire and smoke. This study aims to develop an IoT-based real-time pre-response system for high-rise building fires that is capable of limiting the spread of fire and smoke. The proposed system collects fire data from sensors and transmits them to a cloud computer for real-time analysis. Based on the analysis results, the cloud computer controls the actions of alarm devices, ventilation equipment, and fine water mist nozzles. The system can dynamically adjust the entire system’s behavior in real time by adopting pre-response measures to extinguish fires and limit the spread of fires and smoke. The system was tested on a simulation platform similar to actual high-rise buildings to evaluate its impact on fires and smoke. The results demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in extinguishing fires and suppressing the spread of fires and smoke.

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Numerical Investigations on the Influencing Factors of Rapid Fire Spread of Flammable Cladding in a High-Rise Building

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

A Systematic Review on Cavity Fires in Buildings: Flame Spread Characteristics, Fire Risks, and Safety Measures

A Systematic Review on Cavity Fires in Buildings: Flame Spread Characteristics, Fire Risks, and Safety Measures

A Fire Evacuation and Control System in Smart Buildings Based on the Internet of Things and a Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm

A Real-Time Pre-Response Experiment System for High-Rise Building Fires Based on the Internet of Things

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