“…Regardless of the mode of caste determination the fate of virgin queens in queen right, non-swarming stingless bee colonies is the same -the workers execute them some time after their emergence (Engels and Imperatriz-Fonseca, 1990;Imperatriz-Fonseca and Zucchi, 1995). This process is particularly conspicuous in Melipona, where the number of emerging queens is very high, usually being several percent of the female progeny (Kerr, 1948(Kerr, , 1950(Kerr, , 1969Kerr and Nielsen, 1966;Darchen and Delage-Darchen, 1975;Koedam, 1999;van Veen, 2000;Moo-Valle et al, 2001Sommeijer et al, 2003a;Wenseleers et al, 2004;Morais et al, 2006;Santos-Filho et al, 2006). Furthermore, Melipona excess virgin queens are killed within a few hours or days following their emergence from the brood cells (Kerr et al, 1962;Sakagami and Oniki, 1963;Sakagami et al, 1965;Silva et al, 1972;Kleinert and Imperatriz-Fonseca, 1994;Koedam et al, 1995;van Veen et al, 1999;Wenseleers et al, 2004).…”