Computational intelligence techniques are used to approximate the nonlinear operation of LiFePO 4 batteries using rule-based systems. In this paper, rulebased systems are not directly fitted to data, but comprise constructive blocks in a differential-equation-based dynamical model that is numerically integrated to infer battery voltage, charge, and temperature. The design methodology has been validated with three different LiFePO 4 batteries, and the results were found to be more accurate than those of a selection of statistical models and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques.
Index Terms-Computational intelligence, equivalent circuit model, LiFePO 4 batteries, semiphysical intelligent systems.0278-0046