Numerical Model of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning for PyroCb Thunderstorms

Abstract

This paper demonstrates a 2-D numerical model to represent two conceptual pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) thundercloud structures: i) tilted dipole and ii) tripole structure with enhanced lower positive charge layer, which are hypothesized to explain the occurrence of lightning flashes in pyroCb storms created from severe wildfire events. The presented model considers more realistic thundercloud charge structures to investigate the electrical states and determine surface charge density for identifying potential lightning strike areas on Earth. Simulation results on dipole structure-based pyroCb thunderclouds confirm that the wind-shear extension of its upper positive (UP) charge layer by 2-8 km reduces the electric field and indicates the initiation of negative surface charge density around the earth periphery underneath the anvil cloud. These corresponding lateral extensions have confined the probable striking zone of -CG and +CG lightning within 0-23.5 km and 23.5-30 km in the simulation domain. In contrast, py-roCb thundercloud possessing the tripole structure with enhanced lower positive charge develops a negative electric field at the cloud's bottom part to block the progression of downward negative leader and cause the surface charge density beneath the thundercloud to become negative, which would lead to the formation of +CG flashes. Later, a parametric study is conducted assuming a positive linear correlation between the charge density and aerosol concentration to examine the effect of high aerosol concentration on surface charge density in both pyroCb thunderclouds. The proposed model can be expanded into 3-D to simulate lightning leader movement, aiding wildfire risk management.

A 3D Numerical Model to Estimate Lightning Types for PyroCb Thundercloud

“…The conditions present in pyroCb storms, characterized by strong wind shear and undiluted updrafts, increase the likelihood of exhibiting tripole charge structure while forming pyroCb thunderclouds [9,11]. Certain studies consider the tilted tripole charge structure in severe thunderstorms, where the charge centers in the upper cloud region are shifted towards the direction of the strong wind shear [21,22]. This displacement can separate the positive and negative charge regions, allowing both +CG/-CG flashes to occur from the displaced positive charge region.…”

“…For analyzing the actual thunderstorm process at the mirco-physical level, this method highly relies on observation data which makes it computationally expensive over large-scale domains. Nowadays, the numerical thundercloud model coupled with the empirical governing equations become widely popular in studying the configuration and dynamics of thunderclouds [16,[19][20][21][22]. This stochastic model based on electrostatic concepts presents the cloud model in an axisymmetric manner, employing the non-inductive charging approach to describe the electrification of the thundercloud.…”

A 3D Numerical Model to Estimate Lightning Types for PyroCb Thundercloud

“…The conditions present in pyroCb storms, characterized by strong wind shear and undiluted updrafts, increase the likelihood of exhibiting tripole charge structure while forming pyroCb thunderclouds [10,11]. Certain studies consider the tilted tripole charge structure in severe thunderstorms, where the charge centers in the upper cloud region are shifted towards the direction of the strong wind shear [23,24]. This displacement can separate the positive and negative charge regions, allowing both +CG/−CG flashes to occur from the displaced positive charge region.…”

“…For analyzing the actual thunderstorm process at the mirco-physical level, this method highly relies on observation data, which makes it computationally expensive over large-scale domains. Nowadays, the numerical thundercloud model coupled with the empirical governing equations become widely popular in studying the configuration and dynamics of thunderclouds [18,23,24,28,29]. This stochastic model based on electrostatic concepts presents the cloud model in an axisymmetric manner, employing the non-inductive charging approach to describe the electrification of the thundercloud.…”