“…With the high frequency range of the EMI techniques, to achieve the precise prediction of impedance responses, the finite element model needs a large number of elements, requiring high computation costs for the numerical simulation. For other piezoelectric wafer active sensor based techniques, such as guided wave methods, more convenient numerical simulation methods, such as the boundary element method (Ge and Chen, 2008), finite difference method (Xu et al, 2003), local interaction simulation approach (Shen and Cesnik, 2016, 2019) and Mass-Spring Lattice Model (Baek and Yim, 2011; Yim and Sohn, 2000), have been developed for the modelling of wave scattering with a reduced computational demand. To improve the computational efficiency, investigations on modelling EMI by making use of the spectral element method (SEM) were carried out.…”