“…Fe- [3], Ni- [3,5], Al- [4], and Mg- [6] based alloys. With the recent development of material models on the calculation of flow stress curves [1,2], such applications have been extended to the simulation of welding [7,8,9,10,11], hot forming [12,13,14] and heat treatments [15,16,17]. This paper firstly reviews the important physical phenomena involved in metals processing and their governing laws.…”