Numerical modeling of neotectonic movements and state of stresses in the central Seismic Gap region, Garhwal Himalaya

Abstract

This paper presents finite element modeling (FEM) to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust. Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region: the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression, whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension. Correspondingly, thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front. Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front. The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern flat of Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya, which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake (M > 8). The comparison between our modeled stress field, faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events, focal mechanism solutions, active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.

Development of extensional stresses in the compressional setting of the Himalayan thrust wedge: inference from numerical modelling

“…The important part of the mathematical formulations about the software is provided and successfully applied in previous studies [12,[38][39][40].…”

“…These intra-continental tectonic features, general seismic phenomenon, major folds and other deformation structures indicate the predominantly compressional tectonic regime of the Himalaya. However, lately, a variety of extensional expressions and normal faults have been recognized in the southern Tibet [6,12,13]. Although it is believed that these extensional structures are generally restricted only in the southern Tibet [6,12]; however, recent research has shown that normal faults and other extensional features are not restricted only within southern Tibet but distributed in the several sectors of the Himalaya [14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Finite element modelling of the pull-apart formation: implication for tectonics of Bengo Co pull-apart basin, southern Tibet

“…FEM has successfully proved to be a powerful method for simulating pull-apart basin geometries and deformation mechanisms, [1,2,7,16,18,19]. In this study, we applied a 2D-finite element software package developed by Hayashi [24], which has been used widely by Joshi and Hayashi, [25][26][27]. Similar to most mesh-based numerical methods, bodies of rocks in this program are represented by triangular elements and each element is assigned appropriate material properties, such as density, Young's modulus, cohesion and angle of internal friction.…”