Numerical optimization of hydrothermal liquefaction process for the production of bio-oil and bio-char from Citrus maxima peel waste and product characterization

Hydrothermal liquefaction for biochar production from finger millet waste: its valorisation, process optimization, and characterization

“…S3(a) and (c) †. Hussain et al 19 also observed a decreasing trends of biochar yield as the time increases. The findings of this study confirm the concept that at high temperatures, biochar production increases owing to repolymerization, rearrangement reactions, and the development of char-like structures due to bonding between free radicals and other carbon atoms.…”

“…A muffle furnace was used to heat the reactor. Methodology of Hussain et al 19 was adopted for the hydrothermal liquefaction procedure to produce F M W BC . All 17 designed experimental reactions were performed as per the combination of process variables given in Table 1.…”

“…For example, the solid product can be used to produce activated carbon-based compounds for both energy and environmental purposes. 19…”