“…Orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are widely used in long-span steel box girder cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges due to their advantages of lightweight, high strength, ease of prefabrication and speedy construction, among other benefits (Zhuang et al, 2022; Wang et al, 2020). However, due to significant welding residual stress (WRS), welding defects, and increases in traffic load over time, fatigue cracking of existing OSD has continuously occurred during its service life (Cui et al, 2018; Zhu et al, 2020; Song et al, 2016).…”