Numerical simulation of fault characteristics for refrigeration systems with liquid line receivers

Gray-Box Fault Models and Applications for Low-Carbon Emission CO₂ Refrigeration Systems

“…However, CO 2 refrigerant systems are subject to fault operations, similar to traditional refrigeration systems (e.g., direct expansion systems). A few fault model studies exist for traditional refrigeration systems, such as fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) for rooftop units (Cheung and Braun 2015), fault impacts on chiller systems (Cheung and Braun 2016)and liquid line receiver faults of refrigerant systems (Behfar and Yuill 2020). Nevertheless, very few fault modeling studies exist for transcritical CO 2 refrigeration systems.…”