“…The interface tracking methods (Jafari and Okutucu-Özyurt, 2016;Wu et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2023) such as, MAC (marker and cell technology) model (Santos et al, 2012), etc., have been introduced. The interface capture methods such as the level-set (Zhang et al, 2013;Zhai et al, 2021;Amin and Majid Eshagh, 2020), VOF (volume of fluid) (Ye et al, 2020;Mohammad et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021), and CLSVOF models also have been widely used. Song (2011) proved that when computing the sweeping velocity of air bubbles using convection transport equation, the precision of air-liquid two-phase flow using the CLSVOF model is much more accurate than that of the level-set model and the VOF model.…”