“…The seismic behaviour of GRS retaining walls has been numerically investigated using mainly FLAC or FLAC3D codes [21,22,26,29,30], DIANA-Swandyne-II [24,25,27], DYNA3D or LS-DYNA [23,28] and ABACUS [14]. Different elements were assumed to model the reinforcement layers (cable elements, shell elements, bar elements, truss elements and beam elements), assuming in general elastic or elastic-plastic behaviour.…”