Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic for Abrupt Bathymetry in Palu River Estuary

Cascading Geological Hazards and Risks of the 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Sensitivity Analysis of Tsunami Inundation Simulations

“…Later, appropriate corrections of the measured heights were performed to obtain inundation and run-up heights during the time of the earthquake (see the last column in Table 1), with reference to the tidal datum level. A high tide period during the earthquake corresponds to about +2.3 m above the mean sea level (MSL) (Lutfi et al, 2018;Pakoksung et al, 2019), which was about +1.0 m with respect to the tidal datum level. The PU-01 and PU-02 sites were at the shoreline near the epicenter (see Figure 1C), which is outside of Palu Bay.…”

“…Their conclusion that a co-seismic tsunami source can be neglected might have been reached because they used a uniform earthquake slip model for representing co-seismic earthquake rupture, which tends to underestimate simulated tsunami waves significantly (Muhammad and Goda, 2018). Another important tsunami simulation set-up adopted by Pakoksung et al (2019) was the consideration of a high tide level of +2.3 m above the MSL at the time of the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake (Lutfi et al, 2018). At the Pantoloan tidal gauge station that is located on the eastern side of Palu Bay (point 7 in Figure 2), their landslide-triggered tsunami simulation generated about +2.0 and −3.0 m peak wave amplitudes with respect to the reference elevation level of the tsunami simulation, in comparison with the observed peak wave amplitudes of +1.8 and −2.0 m. Heidarzadeh et al (2019) carried out their tsunami simulation based on the USGS source model (Figure 1) and showed that about +1.0 and −1.3 m peak wave amplitudes with respect to the reference elevation level of the tsunami simulation can be generated due to the co-seismic rupture.…”