In order to investigate the dynamic characteristics of an oil film under vibration, the dynamic model of an involute gear system was established based on the dynamics theory. The vibration and lubrication characteristics of the gear system were analysed in detail. Furthermore, based on the numerical solution of lubrication, a model of oil film stiffness was established. The dynamic characteristics of the oil film were verified by calculating the oil film stiffness. It was found that both oil film pressure and thickness manifested certain dynamic characteristics under vibration. Moreover, the intensities of oscillation amplitude and frequency were different under different loads and rotating speeds. The oil film stiffness gradually decreased and increased, respectively, with the increasing rotating speed and load. Therefore, for a heavy-duty high-speed gear system, the coupling effect of vibration and lubrication should be considered.