Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Fire Intensity on Wind Driven Surface Fire and Its Impact on an Idealized Building

Edalati-nejad, Ali; Ghodrat, Maryam; Fanaee, Sayyed Aboozar; Simeoni, Albert

doi:10.3390/fire5010017

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Wind is one of the main controlling parameters that specifies the direction, spread rate and configuration of a fire. Several researchers [17,18,19,20] investigated wind-driven structure-tostructure fire spread in WUI settings. Himoto et al [18] studied fire spread within multiple houses in an urban area.…”

Section: Structure-to-structure Fire Spread Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They concluded that the major contributing factor during wind-driven fire spread between the model houses was thermal radiative heat transfer and that burnedthrough roof vents resulted in structure-to-structure fire spread. Edalati-nejad et al [19] investigated the effect of the fire intensity from a wind-driven wildfire on an idealized structure located downstream from the fire source. Using numerical simulations, they found that increasing fire intensity from 10 MW/m to 18 MW/m raised the integrated temperature on the ground near the building and on the surface of the building by 26%, and 69%, respectively.…”

Section: Structure-to-structure Fire Spread Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments (NOSSE) with wind

Maranghides¹

2023

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The NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments are part of the NIST Structure Separation Experiments project, which is designed to assess structure-to-structure fire spread in the wildland-urban interface. In the first phase of this project, fire exposures from small source structures (sheds) were quantified in terms of mass loss rate and peak heat release rate in the absence of wind. The performance of a target structure representing a residential façade was assessed in response to exposures from a variety of sheds (differing in construction, size, and fuel loading) and separation distances. These experiments were conducted indoors at the National Fire Research Laboratory at NIST. The knowledge gained from the indoor shed burn experiments was used to develop the outdoor shed burn experiments.This report describes a series of outdoor shed burn experiments conducted at NIST to study the effects of applied wind on thermal (radiant and convective) exposures from variety of sheds to a target structure. The results were used to determine the minimum Structure Separation Distance (SSDmin), which is defined as the shortest distance between the source (storage shed) and target structure (residence) to prevent ignition and flame spread. Experiments were conducted with combustible (wood) and noncombustible (steel) sheds, each containing a set of wood cribs and ignited to generate typical radiative and convective heat exposures to the target structure. The target structure was an assembly including an exterior wall with a window and a roof with a vented eave. Effects of shed orientation, shed size, SSD, and shed type on thermal exposure to the target structure were studied. The thermal exposure was quantified in each case by measuring the peak heat flux and temperature at the target structure. Based on target structure performances due to thermal exposure from the burning of different source structures, a SSDmin was identified. The experiments in this study demonstrated good reproducibility of experimental data. The wind had complex effects on the burning behavior of wood sheds, affecting flame lengths and convective heat transfer to the target structure. For combustible sheds, the peak heat flux measured at the target structure corresponded with the total amount of fuel was not affected by orientation (i.e., door opening facing downwind or upwind). In the case of steel sheds with the door opening facing the target structure, the applied wind had minimal or no effect on thermal exposure to the target structure. The steel sheds contained the fire effectively - thus reducing, but not eliminating, the thermal exposure to the target structure. For the scenarios evaluated, peak heat flux at the target structure could be reduced by half by changing the orientation of the door opening for noncombustible sheds. The SSDmin was identified as 10 ft for combustible and noncombustible sheds with floor area less than 26 ft2 in scenarios with a fire hardened target structure. For sheds with floor area between 26 ft2 and 64 ft², the minimum SSDmin was found to be 15 ft. Because the local winds during a WUI fire are unpredictable, SSD should be omnidirectional, i.e., the same SSD in all directions. 12 out of the 13 experiments were conducted with a fire hardened target structure. Experiment conducted with a non-fire hardened target structure to demonstrate the effectiveness of fire hardening revealed that the non-fire hardened structure ignited within 6 mins when exposed to a Very Small wood shed with total fuel of 212 kg and SSD of 10 ft. With similar thermal exposure, and SSD, the fire hardened target structure exhibited minimal thermal damage and significant ignition resistance. Acknowledging the limitations of the experimental series, implementation of the minimum separation distance identified from the experimental measurements in this study is expected to improve community resilience to WUI.

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Section: Structure-to-structure Fire Spread Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structure-to-structure Fire Spread Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments (NOSSE) with wind

Maranghides¹

2023

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“…Wildfire behaviour reflects a wide range of complex physical and chemical processes (Ghaderi, Ghodrat, & Sharples, 2020;Verma, 2019) that encompasses aerodynamic behaviours, topographic impacts (such as terrain slope) (Edalati-nejad, Ghodrat, & Simeoni, 2021;Verma, 2019), atmospheric conditions (Ghodrat et al, 2021a;Ghodrat, Shakeriaski, Nelson, & Simeoni, 2021b)(wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity), the rate of fire spread (ROS) (Canfield et al, 2014), and the effects of fuel type and state (Edalati-nejad, Ghodrat, Fanaee, & Simeoni, 2022), including fuel moisture content (FMC) (Morvan, 2013). As such, it is infeasible to comprehensively account for the myriad effects driving fire behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of downslope terrain on wildfire dynamics in the presence of a cubic structure

Edalati-nejad¹,

Ghodrat²,

Sharples³

2022

Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022

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In the current work, a numerical study is performed to investigate the effect on the downslope field by a wind driven surface fire in the presence of an idealised building structure. Fires burning with an intensity of 15 MW/m on inclined terrain with various downslope angles of 0, -10, -20, and -30Â°, and under a constant wind speed of 12 m/s are simulated using a large eddy simulation (LES) solver, implemented in open-source platform FireFOAM. The results are validated with experimental measurements of a full-scale cubic building model. The presented outcomes highlight the physical effect of sloped terrain on a building in the vicinity of a line-fire. The results show that at a constant fire intensity and wind speed, an increase in downslope angle leads to an increase in the surface temperature of the structure downstream of the fire source. In addition, it is shown that increasing the downslope angle from 0Ëš to -30Â°, results in a reduction of the average air density around the structure downstream of the fire. Furthermore, by increasing the downslope inclination of the terrain from 0Ëš to -30Â° increases the average temperature of the building surface by 30%, and increases the temperature of zone downstream of the fire by 9%.

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