Numerical Simulation to Assess Floating Instability of Small Passenger Vehicle Under Sub-critical Flow

Confirmation of vehicle stability criteria through a combination of smoothed particle hydrodynamics and laboratory measurements

“…The incipient motion conditions in the prior numerical studies (Alqadami et al, 2020; Arrighi et al, 2015; Martínez‐Gomariz et al, 2019) have been deduced by finding the forces acting on a vehicle that does not move with the flow. However, in the current study, the flow‐vehicle interaction has been modelled in SPH, which allows the vehicle to move when the destabilising forces exceed the resistive forces.…”

“…Martínez‐Gomariz et al (2019) assessed vehicle stability in a similar manner by carrying out numerical investigations using Flow‐3D (http://www.flow3d.com), which utilises the finite volume method. Alqadami et al (2020) adopted a similar methodology to study the instability of a vehicle only in still water using Flow‐3D. It is important to note that none of these numerical studies allowed the vehicle to move with the flow, and instability was only assessed by measuring the forces acting on the vehicle.…”

“…Numerical modelling is performed using SPH, wherein the frictional contact between the vehicle and the road is modelled, allowing the vehicle movement to be studied. This aspect has not been integrated into the limited number of numerical studies carried out to assess vehicle stability in flood water (Alqadami et al, 2020; Arrighi et al, 2015; Martínez‐Gomariz et al, 2019).…”

A numerical approach to understand the responses of passenger vehicles moving through floodwaters

“…Between 1967 and 2021, several experimental (Gordon & Stone, 1973;Martínez-Gomariz et al, 2017;Shah t, Mustaffa, & Yusof, 2018;Shu et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2017;Smith et al, 2019;Teo et al, 2012;, numerical (Albano et al, 2016;Al-Qadami et al, 2020;Al-Qadami, Mustaffa, Martínez-Gomariz, et al, 2021;Arrighi et al, 2015;Martínez-Gomariz et al, 2019; and theoretical (Keller & Mitsch, 1993;Xia, Teo, et al, 2011) studies regarding flooded vehicle stability were published at which different vehicle models were tested at different scales and orientations under subcritical and supercritical flows. The majority of these studies were totally focused on the stability limits of the stationary (parked) flooded vehicle (Al-Qadami, , while few studies were performed on a vehicle in movement inside floodwaters (Al-Qadami, Mustaffa, Shah, et al, 2022;Shah et al, 2020;Shah et al, 2021;Shah, Mustaffa, Matínez-Gomariz, et al, 2019).…”

“…Besides, it was observed that different groynes geometries have different effects on the washed objects. Al-Qadami et al (2020) and Al-Qadami, Mustaffa, Martínez-Gomariz, et al (2021) conducted 3D CFD numerical simulation to investigate the floating instability limits of a medium size passenger vehicle. The numerical runs were performed using Flow-3D under six degrees of freedom and coupled motion simulations.…”