“…To solve deterministic IEs or SIEs, a variety of numerical approaches are developed. Bernstien polynomials [8,9], orthonormal Bernoulli polynomials (OBPs) [10], block pulse functions [11], Chebyshev wavelets [12], Legendre polynomials [13], shifted Jacobi operational matrix [14], shifted Legendre polynomials [15], meshless local discrete Galerkin scheme [16], wavelets Galerkin method [17], generalized hat basis functions [18], Legendre wavelets Galerkin method [19], Chebyshev cardinal wavelets [20,21], and so on are utilized to determine the solution for different types of IEs.…”