This work presents a theoretical investigation of active turbulence in a dusty plasma monolayer, where energy is injected at the individual particle level and transported to larger scales, leading to the spontaneous formation of spatially disordered flow patterns. Many-body simulations of 10,000-particle dusty plasma monolayers are used to demonstrate how the global dynamics depend on the statistical properties of the dust assembly for realistic laboratory conditions. We find that spatial defects due to variations in the dust size distribution and charge-driven nonlocal interactions resulting in anomalous dust diffusion, are key factors for the onset of instabilities. The resulting dynamics exhibits features of inertial turbulence over slightly less than one decade of scales, down to scales on the order of the particle diameter. These processes are examined analytically using a recently developed Fractional Laplacian Spectral (FLS) technique, which identifies the active energy channels as a function of scale, disorder concentration, and nonlocality. The predictions from the theoretical (spectral) analysis demonstrate agreement with the results from the many-body (kinetic) simulations, thus providing a powerful tool for the study of active turbulence.