“…Investigating, realizing and thereby predicting hydraulic conductivity through explosively created fracture networks are of fundamental importance in geothermal energy resources (Austin and Leonard, 1973), in situ recovery of oil shale (Miller and Johansen, 1974; Miller and Johansen, 1976; Grady et al , 1980; McHugh and Keough, 1982), in situ coal gasification (Moody, 1978; Butkovich et al , 1979; Zhu et al , 2013; Zhu et al , 2016; Ye et al , 2017; Yang et al , 2019), in situ recovery of hydrocarbon and mineral resources (Carter, 1978; Adams et al , 1981), oil/gas well stimulation technologies (Eakin and Miller, 1967; McKee and Hanson, 1975; Li and Xue, 2000; Guo et al , 2014; Liu et al , 2018; Li et al , 2018; Li et al , 2018; Venkatesh et al , 2019; Hou et al , 2019), underground nuclear waste repositories (Jordan et al , 2015) and sandstone type uranium mines (Yuan et al , 2018). High-energy explosive fracturing has been shown to be more appropriate and cost effective than hydraulic fracturing for specific applications and has demonstrated more technical efficiency and productivity for extremely low permeability reservoirs (Guo et al , 2014; Li et al , 2018; Hou et al , 2019).…”