Numerical study on how heterogeneity affects ultrasound high harmonics generation

Kamali, Negar; Mahdavi, Ashkan; Chi, Sheng‐Wei

doi:10.1080/10589759.2019.1652295

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Compared to the second harmonic wave or

, the

relation and the high frequency nature of the third harmonic wave are expected to provide a much higher sensitivity and resolution to the same defect or damage. The advantages of using the cubic nonlinearity parameter for fatigue cracks [ 2 , 3 ], plastic deformation [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], microstructures [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], dislocation [ 10 ], and precipitation [ 11 , 12 ] of metals were discussed by comparing the relevant results of the quadratic nonlinearity parameter. In addition to longitudinal waves, third harmonic generation using Lamb waves and Rayleigh surface waves was studied for different application purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and In-Depth Analysis of Higher Harmonic Generation in Aluminum Alloys with Consideration of Source Nonlinearity

et al. 2023

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Harmonic generation measurement is recognized as a promising tool for inspecting material state or micro-damage and is an ongoing research topic. Second harmonic generation is most frequently employed and provides the quadratic nonlinearity parameter (β) that is calculated by the measurement of fundamental and second harmonic amplitudes. The cubic nonlinearity parameter (β2), which dominates the third harmonic amplitude and is obtained by third harmonic generation, is often used as a more sensitive parameter in many applications. This paper presents a detailed procedure for determining the correct β2 of ductile polycrystalline metal samples such as aluminum alloys when there exists source nonlinearity. The procedure includes receiver calibration, diffraction, and attenuation correction and, more importantly, source nonlinearity correction for third harmonic amplitudes. The effect of these corrections on the measurement of β2 is presented for aluminum specimens of various thicknesses at various input power levels. By correcting the source nonlinearity of the third harmonic and further verifying the approximate relationship between the cubic nonlinearity parameter and the square of the quadratic nonlinearity parameter (β∗β), β2≈β∗β, the cubic nonlinearity parameters could be accurately determined even with thinner samples and lower input voltages.

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“…Compared to the second harmonic wave or

, the

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and In-Depth Analysis of Higher Harmonic Generation in Aluminum Alloys with Consideration of Source Nonlinearity

et al. 2023

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“…We can now define the displacement-based or absolute nonlinear parameter. The secondorder or quadratic nonlinear parameter β can be determined from Equations ( 4) and (5). The third-order or cubic nonlinear parameter γ can be determined from Equations ( 4) and (6).…”

Section: Absolute and Relative Nonlinear Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to the quadratic nonlinear parameter (

), the cubic nonlinear parameter (

) which is calculated as the third harmonic amplitude divided by the cube of the fundamental wave amplitude has a higher value, thus providing better sensitivity. Measurements of

for fatigue cracks [ 1 , 2 ], plastic deformation [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] and microstructures [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] have been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Detection of Microstructure Variation Using a Thickness Resonant Transducer and Pulse-Echo Third Harmonic Generation

et al. 2023

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In nonlinear ultrasound testing, the relative nonlinear parameter is conveniently measured as a sensitive means of detecting and imaging overall variation of microstructures and damages. Compared to the quadratic nonlinear parameter (β′), the cubic nonlinear parameter (γ′), calculated as the third harmonic amplitude divided by the cube of the fundamental amplitude, has generally a higher value, providing better sensitivity in nonlinear parameter mapping. Since the third harmonic amplitude is about two orders of magnitude lower than the fundamental amplitude, efficient excitation and highly sensitive reception of third harmonic is very important. In this paper, we explore an odd harmonic thickness resonant transducer that meets the requirements for pulse-echo third harmonic generation (THG) measurements. We also address the problem of source nonlinearity that may be present in the measured amplitude of the third harmonic and propose a method to properly correct it. First, we measure γ′ for a series of aluminum specimens using the through-transmission method to observe the behavior of γ′ as a function of specimen thickness and input voltage, and examine the effects of various corrections such as attenuation, diffraction and source nonlinearity. Next, we apply the odd harmonic resonant transducer to pulse-echo THG measurements of precipitation heat-treated specimens. It is shown that such transducer is very effective in generation and detection of fundamental and third harmonics under finite amplitude toneburst excitation. The highly sensitive detectability of γ′ are presented as a function of aging time, and the sensitivity of γ′ is compared with that of β′ and β′2.

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“…Compared to

is expected to provide much higher sensitivity and resolution for the same damage because

has in general a higher value than

. The advantages of measuring

from nonlinear longitudinal waves were reported in the literature for fatigue cracks [ 3 , 4 ], plastic deformation [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], microstructures [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], dislocation [ 11 ], and precipitation [ 12 , 13 ] of metals. In addition, third harmonic generation using Lamb waves and Rayleigh surface waves was studied for different application purposes such as the effect of microstructure evolution on higher harmonic generation of guided waves [ 14 ], third harmonic Lamb waves for early fatigue damage detection [ 15 ], and third harmonic shear horizontal waves for material degradation monitoring [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Odd Harmonic Resonances of a Single Crystal to Generation and Reception of Superharmonic Waves for Sensitive Monitoring of Heat-Treated Materials

Jeong

2023

Materials

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In nonlinear ultrasonic testing, the quadratic and more recently cubic nonlinearity parameters are frequently measured as a quantitative indicator of damaged material state. Application of higher-order harmonics can improve the sensitivity of detection and monitoring for damages and microstructures due to their higher values of nonlinearity parameters. The excitation and reception of higher-order harmonics, so-called superharmonics, which use the third to fifth harmonics arising from nonlinear wave propagation, is not sufficiently investigated and applied. The purpose of this communication is to develop a highly sensitive superharmonic nondestructive technique that efficiently generates and receives third- and fifth-order harmonics using the odd harmonic resonances of a single piezoelectric crystal. The method focuses on the measurement of fifth harmonic generation and reception, and the calculation of the relative quintic nonlinearity parameter (δ’). The method also addresses the issue of source nonlinearity that may be contained in the measured fifth harmonic amplitude. The measurement results of δ’ for a series of precipitation heat-treated samples clearly show a much better sensitivity than the results of the cubic nonlinearity parameter (γ’). The proposed method enables a highly sensitive and true pulse-echo mode nonlinear ultrasound testing.

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Numerical study on how heterogeneity affects ultrasound high harmonics generation

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Measurement and In-Depth Analysis of Higher Harmonic Generation in Aluminum Alloys with Consideration of Source Nonlinearity

Measurement and In-Depth Analysis of Higher Harmonic Generation in Aluminum Alloys with Consideration of Source Nonlinearity

Highly Sensitive Detection of Microstructure Variation Using a Thickness Resonant Transducer and Pulse-Echo Third Harmonic Generation

Application of Odd Harmonic Resonances of a Single Crystal to Generation and Reception of Superharmonic Waves for Sensitive Monitoring of Heat-Treated Materials

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