Nutraceuticals in prevention and management of COVID-19

Abstract

The immune system defends the host from many pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, including a large number of specific cell types, interrelated molecules, and biological responses. Due to infections, heightened immune system activity is accompanied by expanded metabolic activities, requiring appropriate energy supply, precursors for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules. Numerous vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in supporting body's immunity and fighting against viral infections. Other bioactive compounds like omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics and antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid, quercetin) are also important in the immune response. COVID-19 may develop mild symptoms to severe damage of the respiratory epithelium followed by a cytokine storm. Many studies show that vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc and selenium are critical in defending against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intestinal dysbiosis is a feature of many infectious diseases, including COVID-19, so dietary approaches to establishing a healthy microbiota are essential for improving immune function. This paper reviews the data on the roles and potential effectiveness of selected nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Malnutrition induced by cancer and oncology treatment

“…EPA and DHA with their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are confirmed as effective nutraceuticals in many acute and chronic diseases with elevated inflammation. Also, EPA and DHA are potent immune cells modulators (macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells) and could activate antigen-specific responses generating antibodies and long-term protection specific to repeated infection or tumor [43,44].…”

“…pills, tablets, capsules and liquids in measured doses)" [45]. There are also various combined preparations that can contain both vitamins and minerals (vitamins A, C, E, minerals selenium and zinc) with established antioxidant effects [43]. Considering the biological mechanism of antioxidants, they seem like an adequate choice effect through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stimulating apoptosis, antioxidants may reduce the effectiveness of such therapy.…”