Nutrient and Food Intake of Indonesian Children Under 5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review

Arini, Hesti Retno Budi; Hadju, Veni; Thomas, Preetha; Ferguson, Megan

doi:10.1177/10105395211041001

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In contrast, while the low consumption of nutrient-rich foods is an issue, a significant proportion of both urban and rural children in Indonesia and India are consuming energy-dense/nutrient‐poor snacks and SSBs already during the CF period—between 6 and 24 mo. A previous review from Indonesia indicated that nearly all children under 5 y of age consumed snacks daily ( 96 ). However, the consumption of energy-dense/nutrient‐poor snacks or SSBs during the CF period was not reported by other reviews ( 34 , 51 , 97 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary Feeding Practices among Young Children in China, India, and Indonesia: A Narrative Review

Sirkka¹,

Abrahamse‐Berkeveld²,

Beek³

2022

Current Developments in Nutrition

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Under- and overnutrition are co-existing health issues in several countries across Asia. Poor complementary feeding (CF) is a significant determinant of malnutrition in children and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the CF practices in three countries with a high prevalence of stunting and overweight, and currently undergoing rapid economical and nutritional transition: China, India and Indonesia. We focused particularly on the adequacy of CF, based on the WHO feeding indicators (2021) regarding timing, frequency, diversity as well as the consumption of specific food groups. According to the findings, the majority of infants in the 3 countries are introduced to CF at an impropriate time; either too early (particularly in urban/rural areas of China and Indonesia) or too late (India), compared to the WHO recommendation. Furthermore, in all countries, diets are characterized by a low variety and frequency of CF and consist mainly of staple foods with poor nutritional quality, such as rice, cereals or noodles. Nutrient-dense and protein-rich foods, such as foods of animal origin are either inadequately consumed (rural areas of China and India) or introduced too late (urban areas of China and Indonesia) in the diets of children. In all countries the consumption of fruit and vegetables, especially during the early CF period is poor. In contrast, a significant proportion of both urban and rural children, particularly in Indonesia and India are consuming energy-dense/nutrient-poor snacks and sugary drinks during the CF period. The described practices may pose a significant risk for the development of energy- and/or nutrient gaps, magnifying the double- and triple burden of malnutrition present in these countries. Further research is warranted to understand the significance of the observed practices for stunting and/or overweight/obesity risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary Feeding Practices among Young Children in China, India, and Indonesia: A Narrative Review

Sirkka¹,

Abrahamse‐Berkeveld²,

Beek³

2022

Current Developments in Nutrition

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“…There are studies on children’s nutrient intakes in Indonesia, but an adequate summary of nutrient inadequacies was challenging for Arini and colleagues to provide, due to the heterogenicity in subject characteristics among studies ( 3 ). In this study, data were derived from Indonesian 2014 Food Intake Survey, a national representative survey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Better dietary intake is one of the key aspects to improve the situation. A systematic review showed that in children under-5 years in Indonesia, micronutrient intake varied, for example iron ranged from 2.40 to 12.8 mg/d, zinc ranged from 1.20 to 5.53 mg/d, calcium ranged from 83 to 707.9 mg/d, vitamin A ranged from 53 to 1,335 ug/d, and vitamin D ranged 2.75–14.10 ug/d ( 3 ). Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in children under-five was also reported in a national survey, such as anemia (urban 17.6% vs. rural 18.5%), iron deficiency (urban 4.6% vs. rural 8.8%), and vitamin D deficiency (urban 43% vs. rural 44.2%) ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1–5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes

et al. 2023

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BackgroundIndonesian children under-five have a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Improving young child feeding practices may be the solution. Increasing the consumption of appropriate milk products could help to reduce nutrient inadequacy.MethodsThe objective of this study was to assess nutrient inadequacy in Indonesian children to evaluate the potential improvement using dietary modeling analysis. Data from children aged 1–5 years from the Indonesian Individual Dietary Consumption Survey in 2014 were used in this analysis (n = 11,020). Diet modeling was conducted in two scenarios, substitution volume to volume and calories to calories.ResultsThe proportion of children consuming young child milk (YCM) was the highest compared to other milk types across all age groups, followed by condensed milk and cow’s milk. YCM, also called “Growing-Up Milk” (GUM), are marketed as a product specifically formulated for the nutritional needs of young children. YCM consumers had lower prevalence of inadequate intakes in iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D across age groups when compared to condensed milk consumers. The prevalence of inadequate intakes of nutrients in condensed milk consumers was Vitamin A (67, 64%), folate (92, 91%), Vitamin D (87, 84%), iron (84, 76%), and zinc (76, 76%) in 1–2y and 3–4y, respectively. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients, such as Vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, iron and zinc, which are important for immune function. YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients by 20–40% (Vit A and folate) and 40–50% (Vit D and zinc). The reduction of prevalence of inadequate iron intake was 31% in 1–2y and 63% in 3–4y.ConclusionThe prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes was high among children aged 1–5 years old in Indonesia. YCM consumers had better nutrient intake. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate of micronutrient intake. Thus, nutrient intakes could be improved by YCM consumption in 1–5 years old children in Indonesia, along with nutrition education on feeding practices.

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“…This suggests that factors other than protein inadequacy may be contributing to child malnutrition in Indonesia. The mixed reporting of energy and macronutrient intake also suggests that undernutrition in Indonesian children is not solely caused by inadequate macronutrient consumption, but is likely linked to deficiencies in essential micronutrients, which are not regularly assessed or reported [18].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal protein on stunting prevention: A narrative review

Damayanti,

Dewi,

Wiboworini

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Stunting has been a global problem even though adult and child obesity has not been resolved yet. Various approaches have been carried out in the nutrition field and others. The Government of Indonesia recently established an effort on stunting reduction acceleration through its Ministry of Health. The accessibility to healthy food, including sources of animal protein, become one of its strategies. This study aims to explore the efforts evolved in stunting reduction, especially regarding access, availability, and provision of animal-based products to supply the source of animal protein. The review was done narratively from scientific sources such as Pubmed and Scopus. The 193 articles were derived from the search applying keywords “protein”, “policy”, “malnutrition”, and “stunting”, and their combination using the Boolean operator. There are 193 studies screened resulting in 159 studies excluded from 3 stages, and 40 studies in the review. The articles were then reviewed systematically using Covidence, a web-based systematic literature review tool. The study results show that the availability of animal products is much better, but not yet supported by good distribution and an increase in accessibility. The government has supported this with sufficient policy, however, more thorough action is still needed. Thus, sustainable animal farming is needed as one of the strategies to provide a sufficient quantity of animal products of optimal quality to prevent malnutrition, especially stunting.

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Nutrient and Food Intake of Indonesian Children Under 5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Complementary Feeding Practices among Young Children in China, India, and Indonesia: A Narrative Review

Complementary Feeding Practices among Young Children in China, India, and Indonesia: A Narrative Review

Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1–5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes

Animal protein on stunting prevention: A narrative review

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