Nutrient dynamics of a kiwifruit ecosystem

Smith, G. S.; Buwalda, J. G.; Clark, C.J.

doi:10.1016/0304-4238(88)90153-7

Cited by 39 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…deliciosa) is a perennial fruiting crop which has become prominent only in the last 20 years. Recent research on kiwifruit has identified various nutritional limitations to production, with nitrogen (N) being one of the main limiting nutrients Smith et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, pruning of vines in winter and summer results in removal of N of up to twice that in fruit (Ferguson and Eiseman, 1983). Measurements of the removal of N in the various plant tissues have been used to estimate N fertilizer requirements, which have varied between about 100 and 3 0 0 k g N h a -a (Sale, 1985;Smith et al, 1988). Results from a long-term field experiment indicated that annual N requirements were about 2 0 0 k g N h a -1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines

1992

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The fate of 15N-labelled ammonium fertilizer applied once to six-year-old field-grown kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') vines was measured over three years. The three main treatments were nitrogen (N) applied singularly at 100 or 200 kg N ha -~ in early spring (two weeks before bud burst) or split with 100 kg N ha -I (unlabelled) in early spring and 100 kg N ha -1 (lSN-labelled) ten weeks later. All N treatments were applied to vines with a history of either 50 or 200 kg N ha -~ yr -1. For three years after ~SN application, components of the vines and soil (0-600 mm depth) were sampled at harvest in late autumn and the N and 15N contents determined.By the first harvest, all plant uptake of ~SN had occurred and this represented 48-53% of the 15N applied. There was no significant effect of current N fertilizer treatment or of N history on ~SN recovery by vines. Removal of 15N in harvested fruit was small at 5-6% in the first year and 8% over 3 years. After 2-3 years, most plant 15N occurred in the roots and this component declined only slowly over time. In contrast, there was a large temporal decline in ~SN in above-ground plant components due to the annual 'removal' in leaf fall and pruning. An associated experiment showed that when 15N-labelled prunings and leaves were mulched and returned to the soil, only about 9% was recovered by plants within 2 years. Almost all remaining mulched material had been immobilised into the soil organic N.In all treatments, about 20% of the added ~SN remained in soil at the first harvest. This was almost entirely in organic fractions (<0.4% in inorganic N) and mostly in the surface 150-mm layer. The 15N content in soil changed little over time (from 20 to 17% between the first and third harvests respectively) and indicated that most of the N had been immobilised into stable humus forms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines

1992

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“…1994). Poor mineral nutrition mainly reduces fruit numbers rather than affecting fruit size (Smith et al 1988). Flower numbers may be further affected by cool winter temperatures (McPherson et al 1994(McPherson et al , 1995, winter pruning, cane tipping , and spring conditions (Warrington & Stanley 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

Using early‐season measurements to estimate fruit volume at harvest in kiwifruit

Hall

McPherson

Crawford

et al. 1996

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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The results of controlled environment experiments and a field survey covering six major New Zealand kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) growing regions over 3 years showed, surprisingly, that the effect of temperature on the rate of fruit growth is small, at least during the second half of the fruit growth period. The considerable variation in the mean and standard deviation of fruit volume at harvest observed in the field among seasons and sites is therefore not attributable to temperature differences during the fruit-growing season. This raises the possibility that most of the factors affecting fruit growth rates may be established early in the season, so harvest fruit volumes can be predicted from early-season measurements. Mean fruit volumes observed in the field survey ranged from <85 ml (Kerikeri 1987 and Te Puke 1989) to > 130 ml (Kerikeri 1988 proportion of this should be attributed to management practices such as fruit thinning. The fruit growth curves could be described by a two-phase curve, with a reduction in slope 50-60 days after flowering. The initial phase, up to 50 days from flowering, produced growth rates of 1.55 ml/day. The second, slower phase of growth, averaged 0.42 ml/day over the period to harvest. A simple linear regression model was used to predict the mean fruit volume at harvest from measurements of fruit volume made at a given time during the period from 50 to 110 days from flowering (typically mid January and mid March, respectively). The percentage of the variation in mean fruit volume at harvest accounted for by the regression was 75% when based on measurements made 50 days from flowering and rose to nearly 98%, 110 days from flowering. A similar approach was used to predict the standard deviation of fruit volume at harvest. The observed standard deviation at harvest varied from 10 ml to just over 20 ml, which is within the range published by others. The regression of the standard deviation of the fruit volume at harvest on the standard deviation of fruit volume earlier in the season accounted for more than 80% of the observed variation from 50 days after flowering onwards.

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“…According to Smith et al (1988), K levels in nonfruiting shoots tend to decline for the first 4 weeks after budbreak, but then show a sharp increase (from 2% K to 3% K) over a period of c. 2 weeks before beginning a gradual decline. The time of sampling may thus be important to the interpretation of K levels in treatments affecting budbreak, but these problems can be avoided by sampling at least 6 weeks after budbreak on all treatments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chev.) C. requirement for potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilisers (Ferguson et al 1987;Smith et al 1988), and a comprehensive model for predicting fertiliser inputs on the basis of crop yield has been proposed . Studies of plant growth rates and the mobilisation of N and K to developing shoots have suggested that most of the fertiliser required by vines should be applied in the early season ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fertigation and hydrogen cyanamide on fruit production, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality in kiwifruit

Marsh

Stowell

1993

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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In a 3-year field trial, kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines received 40% of their nutrient requirements by fertigation and the rest as solid fertiliser. All plots received 158 kg/ha nitrogen (N) and 294 kg/ha potassium (K). After 3 years the vines receiving fertigation showed no advantage over those receiving a conventional solid fertiliser programme in yield, or leaf nutrient levels for kiwifruit. The quality of fruit from vines supplied with or without fertigation was assessed at harvest, and at several times during 22-week storage trials. Fruit appeared relatively unaffected by fertigation, and no difference in storage behaviour of the fruit was recorded. The interaction between fertiliser response and crop load was investigated by applying hydrogen cyanamide to create two crop loads. Hydrogen cyanamide increased fruit numbers by c. 30% in 2 out of 3 years, but had little effect on the response to fertigation.

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Nutrient dynamics of a kiwifruit ecosystem

Cited by 39 publications

References 26 publications

Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines

Fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines

Using early‐season measurements to estimate fruit volume at harvest in kiwifruit

Effect of fertigation and hydrogen cyanamide on fruit production, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality in kiwifruit

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