Nutrient encapsulation of nodal segments of an endangered white cedar for studies of regrowth, short term conservation and ethylene inhibitors influenced ex vitro rooting

Production of chrysanthemum synthetic seeds under non-aseptic conditions for direct transfer to commercial greenhouses

“…Later, Kamada (1985) and Bapat et al (1987) proposed wider concepts in which any explant types having germination ability can be used for synthetic seed production. These include not only bipolar structures (i.e., somatic embryos; Redenbaugh et al 1984Redenbaugh et al , 1986 but also unipolar structures such as micro-tubers (Ma et al 2011), axillary buds (Ahmad and Anis 2010;Singh et al 2010;Shaheen and Shahzad 2015), and apical shoot tips Trueman 2011a, 2012a;Hung and Trueman 2012b;Kulus and Zalewska 2014). Both unipolar and bipolar structures can be generally obtained from plant tissue culture laboratories and maintained under sterile conditions Trueman 2011a, 2012a, b;Sharma et al 2013).…”

“…Encapsulation technology in terms of using alreadyproduced synthetic seeds has opened a new vista in agricultural fields as it is an extremely useful tool for easy handling, short-or medium-term preservation and efficient delivery or exchange of important plant germplasm between in vitro or ex vitro conditions (Ara et al 2000;Rai et al 2009Rai et al , 2012Sharma et al 2013;Perveen and Anis 2014;Palanyandy et al 2015). Over the last decades, many plant species have been successfully regenerated from synthetic seeds under in vitro conditions as synthetic seeds can effectively germinate into shoots or plantlets on a gelled culture medium (Ma et al 2011: Reddy et al 2012Sharma et al 2013;Kulus and Zalewska 2014;Shaheen and Shahzad 2015). Although in vitro plant production from synthetic seeds is suitable for subculture and immediate applications in laboratories, commercial-scale propagation is restricted by the cumbersome delivery of voluminous parcels of in vitro-derived plantlets to soils in association with a costly and labour-intensive acclimatization process (Onishi et al 1994;Sharma et al 2013Sharma et al , 2014.…”

Tissue Culture of Corymbia and Eucalyptus

“…Plant germplasm can generally be preserved, as synthetic seeds, by encapsulating small explant such as shoot tips, nodes, or axillary buds in calcium alginate [53,[186][187][188][189][190][191]. Encapsulation can limit the size of the shoots, especially when the synthetic seeds are preserved under minimal-growth conditions of low temperature, reduced irradiance, or decreased nutrient supply [56,178,[192][193][194][195][196].…”

Advancement in Encapsulation Techniques for Conservation of Climbers

“…Plant tissue culture is one of the possible attributes for sustainable conservation and rational utilization of bio diversity (Jana and Shekhawat 2011 ;Mathur et al 2002a , b ;Shekhawat et al 2002 ) an d can be applied widely for ecorestoration of plants. The recent adva nces in encapsulation technology serve different potential attributes: (a) synthetic seed production seems to be an effective alternative for mass production of propagation material with the properties of regrowth into plantlets and thereafter for different usages, and (b) through encapsulation technique, the exchange of germplasm between different laboratories is now quite possible in the form of alginate encaps ulate d microcuttings (Micheli et al 2007 ;Sharma et al 2013 ;Shaheen and Shahzad 2015 ). Bornman ( 1993 ) stated that the onl y technology realistically amenable to scale up extensively the commercial production of some clones is synthetic seed technology, while Mathur et al ( 1989 ) emphas ized that the use of this technology could economize medium, space and time requirements.…”

“…Various stud ies o n syn thetic seed production and plantlet regeneration have been reported successfully for cereals, vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, aromatic grass and conifers (Fowke et al 1994 ;Piccioni and Standardi 1995 ;Castillo et al 1998 ;Ganapathi et al 2001 ;Brischia et al 2002 ;Hao and Deng 2003 ) where mostly somatic embryos were used in the encapsulation process. However, studies were also carried out where vegetative propagules such as axillary buds or shoot tips were used for mass clonal propagation as well as in long-term conservation of germp lasm (Sharma et al 1994 ;Piccioni and Standardi 1995 ;Pattnaik and Chand 2000 ;Faisal and Anis 2007 ;Lata et al 2009 ;Shaheen and Shahzad 2015 ) .…”