Nutrient Fortification of Human Donor Milk Affects Intestinal Function and Protein Metabolism in Preterm Pigs

Abstract

The FF product investigated in this study reduced growth, intestinal function, and protein utilization in DHM-fed preterm pigs, relative to BC as fortifier. The relevance of BC as an alternative nutrient fortifier for preterm infants should be tested.

Human Milk Fortification with Bovine Colostrum Is Superior to Formula‐Based Fortifiers to Prevent Gut Dysfunction, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and Systemic Infection in Preterm Pigs

“…Macroscopic lesion on stomach, proximal, middle, and distal small intestine, and colon were scored (1–6). Pigs with a score >3 in any of the 4 intestinal regions were diagnosed as severe NEC . Intestinal tissues, stomach and colon contents were collected, then stored at −80°C or fixed in a paraformaldehyde solution.…”

“…Gut permeability was tested by measuring urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio 3 hours after an oral bolus of 5% lactulose and 5% mannitol (15 mL/kg) before euthanasia . Gastric residual was determined from the last feeding bolus (15 mL/kg) given 1 hour before euthanasia . Activities of brush border enzymes, that is, lactase, maltase, sucrase, aminopeptidase N (ApN), aminopeptidase A (ApA), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), were analyzed in small‐intestinal homogenates .…”

“…Blood collected before euthanasia was used for biochemistry and hematology analyses as described previously, and plasma cortisol and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured by ELISA (R&D Systems). Postprandial levels of plasma free amino acids (AAs) after the last meal (1 hour before euthanasia) were measured by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography of their phenylisothiocyanate derivatives . Blood collected on day 4 was used for measuring in vitro phagocytic capacity of blood neutrophils using Staphylococcus aureus –conjugated pHrodo Green BioParticles (P35367; Thermo Fisher) .…”

“…Postprandial levels of plasma free amino acids (AAs) after the last meal (1 hour before euthanasia) were measured by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography of their phenylisothiocyanate derivatives . Blood collected on day 4 was used for measuring in vitro phagocytic capacity of blood neutrophils using Staphylococcus aureus –conjugated pHrodo Green BioParticles (P35367; Thermo Fisher) . Aseptic liver and bone marrow were cultured on blood agar, and colonies were enumerated and identified …”

“…The v3‐v4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA were amplified using primers 341F and 806R. The amplicons were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), and output was analyzed as described previously . Gastric pH was measured using a pH meter.…”