Nutrient Intake among Children with Autism

Moore, Erin; Crook, Tina; James, Joshua I.; Gonzales, Dana; Hakkak, Reza

doi:10.4172/2161-0509.1000115

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Results for macronutrient intake in children with ASD essentially mirror results found in multiple other studies [5,9,10,11,15]. Children met or exceeded recommendations for protein and carbohydrate intake, though based on the excessive protein and carbohydrate intake, the calculated percentage of dietary fat intake is slightly lower than recommended.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Calcium, magnesium, iodine, and potassium intake were insufficient for the majority of subjects. Moore et al report similar findings, with intake below DRIs for calcium, potassium, vitamin D, and vitamin E [10]. Xia et al reported that DRI requirements for Vitamins A, B6, C, folic acid, calcium, and zinc were not met in their study of 111 children between ages 2 and 9 years [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…These symptoms, as reported by parents and professionals, include gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and abdominal cramping and distention. Food refusal and selectivity, coupled with potential gastrointestinal concerns, are likely to place an individual at risk of nutrient insufficiency [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Barnhill¹,

Gutierrez²,

Marti³

et al. 2015

Autism Open Access

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Parents and caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often report that their children are picky, restricted, and problem eaters. Additionally, it has been reported that children with ASD often experience gastrointestinal problems such as constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, cramping, bloating, and diffuse pain. These factors raise concern for nutritional status of children with ASD, given that the refusal to consume particular foods coupled with the inability to tolerate, digest, and absorb these foods can compromise an individual's overall nutrition status. The aim of our study was to evaluate dietary intake in a group of 120 children aged 2-14 years who were served in an outpatient clinic over 18 months' time. Anthropometric data and 3-day food diaries were collected and evaluated by a licensed, registered dietician. The results indicate that the majority of participants consumed adequate calories, protein, fats, and carbohydrates. However, the majority of participants were deficient in vitamins A, D, B1, and folate, as well as calcium, magnesium, iodine, and potassium. Essential fatty acid intake was insufficient for all but 6 of the participants. Overall, the study revealed deficits in several key nutrients for the majority of participants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Analysis of Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Barnhill¹,

Gutierrez²,

Marti³

et al. 2015

Autism Open Access

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“…Inflammation [ 120 , 121 ], gastrointestinal issues [ 123 , 124 ], antiepileptic drugs [ 125 ] and genetics are among these factors. Furthermore, children with ASD may receive less sunlight due to lower outdoor activity and have inadequate intake of vitamin D [ 114 , 118 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ], i.e. , reverse causality.…”

Section: Three Major Areas Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review

et al. 2016

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Low vitamin D status in early development has been hypothesised as an environmental risk factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), given the concurrent increase in the prevalence of these two conditions, and the association of vitamin D with many ASD-associated medical conditions. Identification of vitamin D-ASD factors may provide indications for primary and secondary prevention interventions. We systematically reviewed the literature for studies on vitamin D-ASD relationship, including potential mechanistic pathways. We identified seven specific areas, including: latitude, season of conception/birth, maternal migration/ethnicity, vitamin D status of mothers and ASD patients, and vitamin D intervention to prevent and treat ASD. Due to differences in the methodological procedures and inconsistent results, drawing conclusions from the first three areas is difficult. Using a more direct measure of vitamin D status—that is, serum 25(OH)D level during pregnancy or childhood—we found growing evidence for a relationship between vitamin D and ASD. These findings are supported by convincing evidence from experimental studies investigating the mechanistic pathways. However, with few primary and secondary prevention intervention trials, this relationship cannot be determined, unless randomised placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D as a preventive or disease-modifying measure in ASD patients are available.

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“…Nutrition screening must go beyond collecting anthropometric data on the children. We previously reported, children may plot within the normal ranges on growth charts yet still have micronutrient deficiencies [7]. Therefore, dietary intake must be considered by including standard questions that screen for dietary adequacy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%