Nutrient requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations and future research to improve them

Sahlu, T.; Goetsch, A.L.; Luo, Jiafa; Nsahlai, I. V.; Moore, John E.; Galyean, M. L.; Owens, F. N.; Ferrell, C. L.; Johnson, Z. B.

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.001

Cited by 120 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…As determinações de MS, MO, MM, nitrogênio total (N), EE e FDA foram realizadas conforme técnicas descritas por Silva & Queiroz (2002). O teor de proteína bruta (PB) foi obtido pelo produto entre o teor de N e o fator 6,25; e o de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), de acordo com metodologia descrita por Van Soest et al (1991).…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…Seqüencialmente, as amostras foram processadas em moinho de bola e acondicionadas em potes plásticos para posteriores análises de gordura, N total, MM e MS para eventuais correções de umidade, conforme descrito por Silva & Queiroz (2002).…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…Recentemente, um grupo de pesquisadores da E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, Langston Universit propôs a separação das exigências para mantença de quatro grandes grupos raciais: animais especializados para produção de carne (mais que 50% da raça Boer), nativos, leiteiros e Angorá e preconizaram como exigência de mantença valores de 117, 117, 139 e 134 kcal EM/kg 0,75 , respectivamente (Sahlu et al, 2004). Luo et al (2004a) determinaram a ELm como 71,22 kcal/kg PV 0,75 e, considerando a eficiência de utilização de 0,691, estimaram a EMm como 103,07 kcal/kg PV 0,75 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Exigências de energia para mantença e eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó

et al. 2008

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RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar as exigências líquidas de energia para mantença e as eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável (EUEM) para mantença (km) e ganho de peso (kf). Utilizaram-se 26 animais da raça Moxotó, machos não-castrados com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 15 kg e 7 a 8 meses de idade, alimentados com dieta contendo 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável. No início do experimento, seis animais foram abatidos e serviram como referência para estimativa da composição corporal e do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) iniciais. Posteriormente, os animais foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso em grupos homogêneos de quatro animais, um para cada nível de consumo: alimentação à vontade (AV) e alimentação restrita (85, 70 e 55% do consumido pelo grupo que recebeu alimentação à vontade). No momento em que o PV dos animais que recebiam alimentação à vontade se aproximava de 25 kg, o grupo era abatido. As exigências líquidas de energia para mantença foram estimadas pelas relações logarítmica ou exponencial da produção de calor (PC) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM). As km e kf foram calculadas como a relação entre a energia líquida da dieta para ganho ou mantença e a concentração de energia metabolizável das dietas. Posteriormente, estimaram-se as exigências de EM e NDT. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença, de 55,11 kcal/kgPCVZ 0,75 , foi próxima ao predito pelas normas norteamericanas para essa espécie. Esse valor é considerado baixo se comparado aos reportados na literatura brasileira pesquisada.A km estimada foi de 0,57 e as kf para as concentrações de 2,99; 2,95; 2,56 e 2,5 Mcal/kg de MS foram de 0,22; 0,19; 0,28 e 0,36, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: crescimento, metabolismo basal, peso do corpo vazio, requerimento Energy requirements for maintenance and net efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance and weight gain of Moxotó kidsABSTRACT -Twenty-six Moxotó non-castrated male kids (averaging 15 kg of initial live weight (LW) and 6-8 months old) fed a diet with 2.6 Mcal of metabolizable energy were used to predict the net energy requirements for maintenance and net efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (EMEU) for maintenance (km) and weight gain (kf). At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). Afterwards, five groups of four animals (one for each intake levels) were assigned to a complete randomized design, in the following treatments: 100% or ad libitum (AL), 85, 70 and 55 of ad libitum. Each group was slaughtered when BW of AL animals reached 25 kg LW. The net energy requirements for maintenance were estimated by the logarithm or exponential relations of heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake. Estimates of km and kf were calculated as the relation between dietary net energy for gain and maintenance, respectively, and the dietary ME concentration. After, ME and TDN requirements were estimated. The net energy requirement for maintenance of 5...

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Section: Methodsunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Exigências de energia para mantença e eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó

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“…The higher birth weight at unit B (P = 0.0308) may have occurred as a result of possible differences concerning daily energy and protein intake during gestation, since diet management did not seem to interfere in litter size (P = 0.1195). The nutritional management affects the number and the weight of kids at birth, and daily energy requirements for single gestations are proportionally higher than those for twins or triplets (AFRC, 1997;Sahlu et al, 2004). This means lighter kids from multiple births and heavier kids at birth from wellnourished does throughout gestation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy goat husbandry amongst the household agriculture: herd and economic indexes from a case study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Vieira

Cabral²,

Souza

et al. 2009

R. Bras. Zootec.

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-Two dairy goat systems conducted according to the household model were evaluated in terms of income generation. An enterprise budget analysis was performed using data collected from August, 2004, to July, 2005. Farms named A and B were smallholdings and raised Saanem goats intensively. Herd indexes, incomes, taxes, fuel, energy, concentrates, opportunity costs and interest in capital were computed. Net present value and internal rate of return were estimated to appreciate the business appeal in terms of income generation. Herd indexes were mostly affected by management decisions interfering on the amounts and time-trends related to milk production. Seasonal variation was reduced at unit B due to heat induction, a decision not shared by farmer A. The daily body weight gain of doelings after weaning (89 and 76 g/d for A and B) was low if compared to current recommendations. Average records of lactation (441 and 606 L/doe) and fertility (86.95% and 85.71%) were amongst the literature range. Daily tasks related to unit B consumed 5 hours and 55 minutes for an average milk production of 40.9 L/d, whereas 8 hours and 16 minutes on average were daily spent at unit A in order to produce 32.2 L/d. Unit B presented a total production cost (R$ 0.79548/L) lower than unit A (R$ 1.50239/L), but operated profitably. Unit A presented a positive gross margin (R$ 0.284/L), but operated unprofitably. The income generated on B was equivalent to a monthly salary of R$ 732.96 (US$ 278.52), a competitive income compared to the Brazilian minimum wage of R$ 300.00 (US$ 114.00) paid monthly. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the dairy goat husbandry fits adequately to the household production model and generates income competitively.Key Words: agribusiness, enterprise budget analysis, family labour A caprinocultura leiteira na agricultura familiar: índices zootécnicos e econômicos de um estudo de caso no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil RESUMO -Dois sistemas de produção de caprinos leiteiros praticados de acordo com o modelo familiar foram avaliados quanto à geração de renda. Um teste para verificação de viabilidade econômica do empreendimento foi executado utilizando-se dados coletados de agosto de 2004 a julho de 2005. As fazendas, denominadas A e B, eram pequenas propriedades produtoras de cabras Saanem em sistema intensivo. Índices de rebanho, rendas, impostos, combustível, energia, concentrado, custos de oportunidade e capital de interesse foram computados para estimação da renda líquida e da taxa de retorno do capital para avaliação do quanto o negócio pode ser atraente em geração de renda. Os índices de rebanho foram afetados significativamente pelas decisões tomadas pelos administradores e interferiram sobre as quantidades e tendências relacionadas à produção de leite. Na unidade B, a variação sazonal reduziu com a indução de cio, uma prática não realizada na unidade A. O ganho de peso diário das cabritas após a desmama (89 e 76 g/dia para A e B) foi baixo em comparação às recomendações atuais. As médias dos...

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“…Elevated milk urea and losses in milk production could be related to improper balancing of rumen degradable proteins (RDP) and inefficient use of nitrogen, while goats are more efficient in nitrogen recycling in low crude protein diet than cows (PLOUMI et al 1998). Certainly, other factors such as the environmental temperature and water consumption are very important factors that might influence the milk urea concentration and other milk constituents (SAHLU et al 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stability and quality of raw Saanen and Alpine goats milk

et al. 2009

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The milk composition and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in fresh and refrigerated raw goat milk of Saanen and Alpine breed at the breeding period were investigated. Low average milk fat, SNF and lactose content were determined in both breeds with no significant differences between breeds regarding the milk yield and milk composition. The significantly higher somatic cell count (SCC) was detected in Saanen goats. The SOD activity and TBARS concentration were significantly higher 14 h after the collection and cold storage in both breeds of dairy goats with no difference between the breeds. In the Alpine goats the TBARS concentration was negatively correlated with urea concentration, and in the milk of the Saanen goats the TBARS was positively correlated with proteins and SCC. The higher SCC in the Saanen goats may have caused higher production of secondary oxidative products catalysed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase from polymorphonuclear granulocytes present in the udder, or by some other enzymes that participate in oxidation of the milk constituents. The energy shortage and protein surplus in the diet of the dairy goats may have induced the higher degree of lipid mobilisation and a consequent increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are easily prone to oxidation and formation of the secondary oxidative products.Keywords: goat, raw milk, milk components, peroxidation, quality Zusammenfassung Oxidative Stabilität und Qualität der Rohmilch von Saanen-und AlpenziegenUntersucht wurde die Milchzusammensetzung, die TBARS-Konzentration (Thiobarbitursäurereaktive Substanzen) und die SOD-Aktivität (Superoxiddismutase) in frischer und gekühlter Rohmilch von Saanen-und Alpenziegen während der Fortpflanzungszeit. Zwischen beiden Rassen bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Milchleistung und der Milchzusammensetzung, wobei ein relativ niedriger Fett-, Laktosegehalt und ein niedriger Wert für die Trockensubstanz nachgewiesen wurden. Bei den Saanenziegen ergab sich ein höherer somatischer Zellgehalt (SCC). 14 Stunden nach der Milchgewinnung und Kühlhaltung waren in der Milch die TBARS-Konzentration und die SOD-Aktivität signifikant höher, wobei zwischen den Rassen keine Unterschiede ermittelt wurden. Eine negative Beziehung fand sich zwischen dem TBARS-Wert und dem Harnstoffgehalt bei den MARENJAK et al.: Oxidative stability and quality of raw Saanen and Alpine goats milk 638 Alpenziegen, positiv war bei den Saanenziegen die Beziehung zwischen dem TBARS-Wert und dem Eiweiß-sowie SCC-Gehalt. Der höhere SCC-Gehalt war möglicherweise die Ursache für eine höhere Erzeugung von sekundären Oxidationsprodukten verursacht durch die Superoxiddismutase und den im Euter vorhandenen polymorphkernigen Granulozyten oder anderen Enzymen die an der Oxidation der Milchinhaltstoffe teilnehmen. Energiemangel und Eiweißüberschuss in der Ernährung von Milchziegen verursacht möglicherweise die höhere Lipidmobilisation und folglich die Erhöhun...

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Nutrient requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations and future research to improve them

Cited by 120 publications

References 57 publications

Exigências de energia para mantença e eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó

Exigências de energia para mantença e eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó

Dairy goat husbandry amongst the household agriculture: herd and economic indexes from a case study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Oxidative stability and quality of raw Saanen and Alpine goats milk

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